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• 作者：豆友188774699 发布时间：2021-03-28 21:56:32

  很好

• 作者：tiger 发布时间：2013-08-05 21:37:28

  简单的压力问题吹嘘得神叨叨,骗钱来着

• 作者：青梧 发布时间：2011-07-28 20:59:55

  风促筝声随断续。日移甎影自光辉。

• 作者：碱水小玩子 发布时间：2022-01-05 12:19:09

  三星半，依旧在北京坊MUJI读到的。配色完全是我的爱，各种颜色整一整，不同的颜色串起来寻找东西的过程，能看出作者想突破只是简单找东西的惯用套路，封面的设计也很巧妙。但里面的内容我觉得一般。巧思没有内容的支撑，很容易觉得诶！是个好点子，可惜没落下去。是这种感觉。

• 作者：寂多蔓生 发布时间：2011-08-06 09:33:16

  不建议作为基础书来看，因为对于基础只是一笔带过。

• 作者：octopuso0O 发布时间：2020-02-09 19:36:23

  还是能学到很多的，有作者自身的观点。体系一般，没看过其他侵权责任的教材无法参照，自学的时候突然看到几个陌生知识点未免一愣，稍后才有系统讲解，但也有重复讲解的成分，稍显啰嗦。

  发现了两处错字，此外，第二章讲竞合侵权行为那里，前一页还是“提供条件的竞合侵权行为”，后一页的小标题成了“必要条件的竞合侵权行为”，这种小小的不一致让初学者稍无奈啊……

• The Symbols in Araby

  作者：Leo Wu 发布时间：2007-05-14 16:18:28

  In literature, a symbol is a thing that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention or accidental resemblance, especially a visible sign of something invisible. ［1］ Sometimes, symbols are created by the artists in their works. And by using them, the artists can interpret the objective world in a subjective perspective. So symbolism is an important means for a writer to create excellent works.

  As in the novel Araby, James Joyce used large amounts of symbolic imageries to create a typical setting, help the plots develop and indicate the hero’s characteristics. By analyzing the symbols in Araby, we can have a deep insight into the story and know the main theme in Dubliners better. And the symbols are as follows:

  1.

  Blind

  The North Richard Street was “blind”, and “I” used a blind to hide myself from being seen by Mangan’s sister. These are the two “blind” used in the novel.

  The first one is an adjective, which means that the street is closed at one end. As it’s a blind street, people living in the street are difficult to communicate with the ones outside. So it indicates the station of un-open up of Dublin as well as Ireland. But the people living in the street are all pleased with the situation. ［2］ So the boy wished to get away from it. This helps the plot develop.

  As for the second “blind”, it is a noun. By using the blind, Mangan’s sister couldn’t see me. However, the blind also prevented me from seeing her clearly. This indicates that the boy’s dream was only a childish dream (Mangan’s sister); it is hard to be realized for “I” only “watched it from a blind”.

  2.

  Mangan’s sister

  Mangan’s sister was the girl to whom “I” had paid lots of attention; “I” watched her secretly; “I kept her brown figure always in my eye”; and when “I” was doing stranger prayers that “I” didn’t understand, her name sprang to my lips.

  These are all telling that Mangan’s sister is the boy’s dream, or his idol. But in the whole novel, the girl’s name hasn’t appeared. Why? Because what “I” know about my dream is only something superficial. My dream is just like the temple in the air, forming in the boy’s mind without any deep thinking or any deep understanding. “I” liked Mangan’s sister just as I liked The Memoirs of Vidocq, a book I found in the priest’s remains---“I liked the last best because its leaves were yellow.”

  This agrees with the boy’s age and his experience. He was a boy on the way of growing up and forming his own views of the society. But he was still too young to have a good understanding of the real world. Although we know that his dream could be easily broken, the most important thing is that he had a dream. This is also important for the Irishmen who were under the control of the British government then.

  3.

  The North Richmond Street

  The street was blind. Besides, the surroundings were all unpleasant. My house was full of “musty air”. The houses in the street “had grown sombre”. When my aunt and “I” went marketing, we were “jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, amid the curse…”

  As James Joyce said, the main theme of the novels in Dubliners was paralysis. And the condition of the North Richmond Street was a good proof for it. But in the whole Ireland as well, all the streets were almost the same. So Joyce turned to voluntary-exile to get rid of the unpleasant thing in Ireland. So do the boy in the novel. He had a strong hatred for the street, as is demonstrated by the sentence “I was thankful that I could see (the street) so little.”

  So the street was a symbol for the whole Ireland.

  4.

  Araby

  In the novel, the word “Araby” plays an important role, as it is the title word. And Araby is “a splendid bazaar” where Mangan’s sister recommended me to go.

  Araby is an old name for Arab. Besides, in the novel, it “cast an Eastern enchantment over me”. So Araby is a place with the Oriental fragrance in Dublin. And we can also see that the boy had a strong desire to make a trip there. So we can conclude that Araby is a dream new world for the boy, as Mangan’s sister is a fairy who guild the boy there.

  However, it seems that the other people, especially the elder people living in the street paid little attention to my desire. And my uncle just “answered me curtly” when “I” told him my plan to Araby. And he also went home too late that night to let me go to Araby on time. So this indicates again that Dubliners as well as the Irishmen were all paralyzed. They paid little attention to their dreams. ［3］ And they were well intentioned but narrow in the views and blind to higher values. This is what Joyce felt disappointed of.

  To our delight, my aunt indeed cared about my wish for Araby and blamed my uncle for being late. This shows that Joyce want to hold his wish for the future of Ireland. And when “I” got a florin from my uncle, “I” went to Araby immediately. However on my way there, the condition seemed to be a bit unpleasant. The train was “deserted”, “bare” and it had “an intolerable delay”. Even when the train started “slowly”, “it crept onward among ruinous houses”. These all indicate the difficulties one will confront on his way to the dream place. But anyhow at last “I” arrived at Araby late at night.

  But Araby, the dream new world for the boy, turned out to be “darkness” and “silence”. And the people who served me at the stall spoke to her customer “out of a sense of duty”. This all disappointed me.

  And there is a casual dialogue between two men and a woman in the novel. This dialogue had no special setting or surprising ending, but it was so real that when we read the words, we can imagine the scene in our mind. ［4］ But it is the dialogue, in addition with the other things the boy met in Araby, that disappointed me. So this is an allusion of the life of the young adults in Dublin who own the characteristic of ignorance and conventionalism.

  One the whole, the bazaar Araby indicates that even when the Irishmen were chasing their dream, they would be disappointed just because of their own society and their blind to the bright future. So Joyce became sad about the reality.

  5.

  The priest

  At the beginning of the novel, we know that a priest had been a tenant of the boy’s home. “He (the priest) had been a very charitable priest”, and he “had left all his money to the institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister”. So in this way, the priest was indeed a good citizen of Dublin.

  Besides, form the names of the books that “I” found, (The Abbot, The Devout Communicant and The Memoirs of Vidocq), of which one is about religion and two are about exploration, we can see that the priest was also an imaginative person. So he had given his life to both piety and flights of imaginations.

  However, the priest had gone, just like his “rusty bicycle-pump”, deserted and forgotten by other Dubliners. If all the good citizens had all gone away, how could Dublin be a good city? So the priest is a symbol of ht vital past, a contrast to the “blind” and paralyzed present. It tells us that the freedom of the Ireland has gone and people then had no passion for a bright future.

  On the other hand, the priest was also a symbol for religion belief because of his special status. In fact from the analysis before, we know that the priest was a man full of imagination. But in fact, a priest should be conventional. So this imaginative priest indicates Joyce’s doubt of the belief of Catholicism. ［5］

  6.

  Other subtle Symbols

  Besides the major symbols in Araby, there are still some subtle ones that could not be ignored.

  At the beginning of the novel, we can see “a central apple tree” in a “wild garden behind the house”. On seeing the words “Apple tree”, we can immediately think of the myth between Adam and Swan in the Garden of Eden. In this novel, the apple tree id a symbol for the boy’s first love as well as a wish to try something new. ［5］ But the tree was in a “wild garden behind the house”. The condition was so oppressed that the tree might not grow up robustly. This means that a trial for a new thing wasn’t encouraged by the Irish society, and the boy’s love towards Mangan’s sister couldn’t breed some results.

  Also at the beginning, “light form the kitchen windows had filled the areas”. (There are also some other descriptions of the light, such as “Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed over me.”) From the analysis before, we know that the dark blind street is a symbol for Ireland. So here the light becomes a symbol for the country’s future. However, the light was from the kitchen window. How dim, how subtle! So Joyce here indicates the gloomy future for his own country.

  Besides, the “chalice” is mentioned when “I” went marketing with my aunt: “I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through the throng of foes.” Here the “chalice” is a symbol for the belief of Catholicism.

  James Joyce is famous for the using of “stream of consciousness” method in his works. But he is also good at setting proper background, creating symbols and using allusions. From the novel Araby, we can see a lot of symbols were created by Joyce and they located everywhere in the texts.

  However different people will read Joyce’s works form different perspective. So all the symbols listed above are just my own understanding of the novel Araby with the help of my teacher Miss Gao Fen and the works listed below. And I want to quote Professor Derek Attridge’s words to end my paper: “Joyce’s writing can reveal sources of fascination and exhilaration which you were not expecting to find, and if you feel at times that Joyce is laughing at you just as much as you are laughing at him, you have begun to appreciate the delightfully unsettling energies of his art.”

  Notes:

  ［1］：邓绪新，英语文学概论，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2002 P155-158

  ［2］：张秀清，《现实与梦想的差距——〈阿拉比〉的现实主义与象征主义双重层面解读》，福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报，2004年增刊，P 160-162

  ［3］: 张建军,《从无知朦胧走向成熟--谈〈阿拉比〉中的象征主义手法》，江苏教育学院学报(社会科学版)，2004年l1月，P107—108

  ［4］：戴从容，乔伊斯小说的形式实验，北京：中国戏剧出版社，2005，P42-43

  ［5］：李漫萍，《寓意隽永的象征— 试论乔伊斯短篇小说的象征艺术》，广东教育学院学报，P27-31：2002年 11月

  Works cited:

  ［1］: the textbook of our course.

  ［2］: 詹姆斯 乔伊斯［爱尔兰］著，孙梁等译：都柏林人，上海：上海译文出版社，1984

  ［3］: Derek Attridge, The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000

• 学术性创富研究报告

  作者：Hammer_ 发布时间：2019-11-15 12:14:16

  这是一本学术著作，话题是我们最感兴趣的创富，成功。采访和调研了大量富豪们，看得出是刨根问底式的追问，非常接地气和有干货。

  这本书的价值在于，我们可以参照下自己和这些富豪们的性格，行为，对事情看法有哪些不同，哪些是可以学习，借鉴的，从而对自己实际的生活起到提升帮助，然后努力往前，争取也成为一个富豪哈！

  先定个小目标，赚一千万再说！Fihgt!

  书摘:

  1.从有偿工作中积累大量财富的最重要的先决条件是自主创业，即从事自由职业者的活动，特别是以创业为基础的活动。最重要的是，企业家精神是巨大的财富和资产的保证。

  2.财富的增加和个人的人格特征是密切相关的。一方面，适宜的个人形象会增加一个人走上通往更高财富水平的道路的可能性。另一方面，一旦克服了大多数重大障碍，人格的相关度就更高，而随着财富水平的提高，这种情况越来越多。

  3.真正杰出的百万富翁大都选择了竞争很小但获利超高的职业。

  4.大多数百万富翁都是企业家而非在大企业中的高管。许多中小企业的企业家收入远远超过大公司执行董事。

  5.那些渴望财富的人几乎不愿意作为雇员来实现他们的目标。绝大多数富人和高收入者都是企业家，主要是中小企业的所有者。

  6.自愿服从被视为一个人能否跻身公司最高管理层的积极特质，而企业家往往不时墨守成规的人，他们的个性或学历使他们不可能在某家大公司实现一段成功的职业生涯或晋升到管理层。

  个人能否成功跻身于财富精英，不是由某个管理层决定的，而是由市场决定的。

  7.企业家最重要的内驱力是逐利，因为这是他行动的刚需。追逐利润并不是他们灵魂中最重要的动机，是现实状况迫使他们追逐利润。所有成功的企业都必须努力经营以创造盈余。

  8.单纯的消费主义不能成为企业家的主要动力。尽管企业家的生活很奢华，但这无法激发他们的雄心。无论是自觉或不自觉，企业家是由两个动机趋成的：在社会上拥有强势地位和创新过程中带来的喜悦。

  9.意志力是一种成功的企业家实现远大目标必须具备的最重要的特征，并强调了销售才能的重要性。相比之下，“敏感性”在乔治看来是最重要的，他认为凭借敏感性，企业家可以发掘尚未被其他人发现的机会并且创造利润。

  10.创业者并不像局外人那样觉得创业存在高风险。这是因为企业家自信心很强，相对他们的感知能力，创业似乎并不冒险。如果他们真才实干，客观地说，创业对他们而言可能不算冒险。

  11.亿万富翁对于风险的理解与其他群体不同。错失机遇也可以理解成一种风险。他们害怕因为没有抓住机会而失败。不担心创业失败的负面影响，而是担心错失优势。

  12.那些怀疑自己能力的人不会到处为自己设定具有挑战性的目标，遇到困难时也不会坚持自己的目标。人们对自己能力的信念，会影响他们给自己设定目标的等级。自我效能感越强的人，给自己设定的目标会越高。

  13.与容易达成，摸棱两可的目标相比，更具挑战性且更具体的目标能带来更好的结果。目标的困难程度和实现目标的表现呈线性关系。洛克发现那些拥有最高目标的人的表现比那些拥有最低目标的人表现好250%。

  14.富有野心的，具体的目标之所以如此重要，是因为这些目标会让人把注意力集中到与目标息息相关的活动中，还有一个原因是人也会为了实现这些目标做出更大，更长时间的努力。比起那些没有这样目标的人，为了实现目标，他们工作得更卖力，更持久。

  15.我们发现通过追求一些看似不可能的事物，往往能让我们达成一些不可能的愿望；而就算没能成功，最终我们也必定做得比我们本来可能做到的要出色很多。

  16.将理想的未来与当下现实的局限性相对照的过程，是在实现目标过程中的一种有效的自我调节方法。

  17.计划之所以重要是因为它促使人们行动，降级了个体忽视目标的可能性。

  18.要想成为企业家，超级销售员需要使用销售套路，尽可能多地把时间花在销售商，让其他人来管理业务。超级销售员型企业家，能够与他人产生共鸣，取得成功主要是因为他们的社交能力和销售才干，但是他们需要和管理者合作，因为创建组织结构和体制通常不是他们的强项。超级销售员型企业家在成为企业家前就已经是成功的销售人员了。

  19.企业家相信，创业致富的机会会比他们继续当员工致富的机会要大得多。有趣的是，对照组的管理人员认为情况正好相反。

  20.作为雇员,他们事业成功,但是他们没有耐心等待多年再进入公司高层,于是他们选择自己创业.

  21.我们发现,设定更具有挑战性和有明确定义的目标非常有帮助,这是一种已被众多研究证实的心理学理论,该理论认为,具有挑战性且明确的目标,能够促成比模糊的概念或想法更好的结果,而设定具体目标的人也会比那些设定模糊目标的人活着不能设定任何目标的人更成功.

  22.试图将成功归功于一系列幸运和巧合的受访者,可能是潜意识采用了嫉妒防御策略活着可能是采访过程中审时度势地给出了采访者所认可的社会期望的回答.

  23.如果你想激励员工,就需要乐观.在困难的 情况下,领导者需要能够以积极的视角来展现自信和感染他人.这也是为什么乐观被认为是如此重要的另一个原因.

  24.除非一直努力去做好正在做的事, 否则没有人能够成功.这意味着你必须相信你正在做的事情.我们都会遇到问题.

  25.乐观主义是激励员工的重要因素,我必须用我的乐观来感染他们.

  26.把年轻的军官们派去战场打仗,而把50岁的年长军官们送回家是有充分的理由的.一个人的年纪越大,想得就越大,对风险的看法也和年轻时有所不同.随着年龄的增长,自己会变得越来越规避风险.它指出,重要的是看清一个人为了实现自己的目标愿意承受多大的风险.

  27.有意识地承担风险---尤其是在创业初期有意识地承担风险---并且在公司发展过程中降低这些风险,是成功获得可持续财富的必要条件.

  28,失败后的行动取向意味着个人在错误或失败后仍然能够立即行动,并毫不犹豫地继续他们的工作.

  29.这涉及个人解决问题的机制.当面对危机,一方面你应该保持创造性.另一方面,你不应该沮丧.所以我只做一件事,继续像之前一样过日子.我会把我的想法都写下来, 最糟糕的情况,然后列一个待办事项清单.

  30.我不想浪费时间来思考我是如何陷入困境的,很多人都这样,他们太关注问题本身了.当然,你必须面对问题.但是你必须忘记问题本身,并把所有注意力集中在解决方案上. 认识到危险,才能避免危险.

  31.我相信当人们面临压力和绝境时,他们会比一直走在阳光下取得更大的成就. 你必须比阳光普照的日子里更加努力地奋斗.

  因为如果一切顺利,人们不会质疑现有的战略和程序,而危机却能够迫使他们这么做.

  他们绝不纠结于无力改变的事情,而是专注于实际的危机解决方案.对他们来说,原谅自己的过错和承担挫败的个人责任一样重要.