至尊红颜：武则天（上下两册） 在线下载 pdf mobi 2025 epub 电子版

至尊红颜：武则天（上下两册）《至尊红颜：武则天（上下两册））》从属于《中国历代风云人物》丛书。武则天是中国历史上*一位真正黄袍加身、登上帝位的女皇帝。本书以武媚娘进宫为开篇，通过她在后宫争斗中的崭露头角，权力之路中的步步为营，独尊天下的锐不可当，武周王朝中的威严霸气，生死博弈中的豁达睿智，抒写了一代女皇复杂丰富的情感生活，经国济世的智慧韬略，叛逆孤绝的非凡人生，再现了大唐惊心动魄的权力风云。

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  至尊红颜：武则天（上下两册）  她奇相月偃，侍奉两代君王；她君临天下，执掌武周政权一十五载；她用魅力和韬略，铸就了千古流芳的大唐气象。是时代造就了她，还是她改写了历史？看武则天如何一步一步走向*。

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武则天（624年—705年），名翌，为唐开国功臣武士彟次女，并州文水（今山西文水县）人。武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，67岁即位，也是即位年龄最大的皇帝。武则天14岁入宫，为唐太宗的才人，获赐号“武媚”。唐高宗时封昭仪，后为皇后，尊号“天后”，与高宗李治并称“二圣”。高宗驾崩后，作为唐中宗、唐睿宗的皇太后临朝称制。武则天登基后，改名为“翌”，改唐为周。武则天在位十五年间，杀唐宗室，任用酷吏，但她多权略，能用人，所以贤才辈出，又奖励农桑，改革吏治，重视选拔人才。

晚年逐渐豪奢专断，颇多弊政。

是时代造就了她，还是她改写了历史？

翻开刘芳芳著的《至尊红颜（武则天上下）》，且看武则天如

何一步一步走向巅峰。

• 作者：三山 发布时间：2019-06-09 22:59:04

  出差遇见端午节，算是比较无聊的，然后就去图书馆找书看，随意翻到了这本书了，花了一个下午看完了。我本身是比较喜欢章回体的小说的，感觉这两本书写的挺不错的，对于一代女帝的生平记录的很全面，有点宫斗戏的感觉，算是对武则天时期历史的梳理吧。

• 作者：奎斯Chris 发布时间：2009-02-10 00:58:09

  第一部最佳，集齐港漫及香港武侠几乎所有人物类型、爱恨情仇、经典冲突。神兵起源相当讲究，画风也细腻华美。第二部开始崩坏，强者太多了，每个都是毁天灭地，从头到尾打作一团，反而实力忽高忽低。

• 作者：uinmiilbios 发布时间：2023-02-02 23:38:38

  补标

• 作者：呆头呆脑的春天 发布时间：2023-04-16 07:03:01

  还行，没有特别激动人心的内容，但确实很好的梳理了摩萨德的历史，让你对这个组织和相关历史有了深入了解

• 作者：荏苒 发布时间：2015-12-21 01:45:37

  三星半，看了一点觉得有些生硬又流于形式。

• 作者：千帆 发布时间：2012-01-20 01:52:49

  大一的选修课，没学过线代需要补课，现在想来还是很有趣的一门，配合习题集会比较好些

• 英雄——桑提亚哥

  作者：ans25ans 发布时间：2007-12-19 16:27:34

  桑提亚哥，海明威中篇小说《老人与海》中的主人公。

  1952年，《老人与海》出版，震动文坛。1953年，获得普利策文学创作奖。1954年，获得诺贝尔文学奖。理由是：“精通现代叙事艺术，突出表现在其近作《老人与海》之中，同时，也因为他在当代风格中所发挥的影响……

  海明威在当代风格中所发挥的影响之大，可以说难以估量。他的风格几乎感染了第二次世界大战后的所有美国作家。在名作家如詹姆斯•琼斯、纳尔逊•阿尔格兰、诺曼•梅勒等人的作品中，处处显示出这种风格的深刻影响。而《老人与海》获奖的理由“精通现代叙事艺术”自然也无可非议。“海明威式”的口语、自然主义的白描手法、深刻的心理剖析以及意在言外的“潜台词”，加上他的“冰山”风格等等，造就了他简洁流畅、清新洗练的文体。

  但笔者认为单单只是靠技艺上的灵动和高超难以成就一位伟大的作家，也不能成就一部不朽的作品。在作品的背后必然有一些什么是可以触及我们灵魂的。比如雨果的《巴黎圣母院》成功的运用了美丑对照原则塑造了加西莫多这一形象。巴尔扎克的《人间喜剧》是一部“包罗万象的社会史”，其代表作《高老头普》运用典型化的手法塑造了高老头等人物形象。还有列夫•托尔斯泰的《安娜•卡列尼娜》运用出色的心理描写塑造了安娜这一形象。

  所以，笔者认为：一部作品，不管艺术技巧有多么的高超，失掉了人物这样一个载体是不会成功的。人物塑造是作品的灵魂。《老人与海》的成功也正式基于作者成功运用了自己独特的风格和现代叙事艺术塑造了一个鲜活而饱满的人物形象：桑提亚哥。

  海明威在谈到人物描写时说：“作家写小说应当塑造活的人物。人物不是角色。角色是模仿。如果作家把人物写活了，即使书里没有大角色，但是他的书作为一个整体有可能留传下来；作为一个统一体，作为一部小说，有可能留传下来。”由此看来，海明威也是这样来此创作作品的。因此他便以类似于我国传统绘画艺术和戏剧艺术的“冰山”风格，抛弃了逐节铺陈的手法而讲究意境。在表现形式上也重简不重繁，以少胜多，意在言外。宁可留下很多空间让读者用自己的想象去填补，也要突出人物的动作和神态。因此，我们先来看一下海明威在《老人与海》中是怎样运用一系列的艺术手法来塑造桑提亚哥这一人物形象的。

  一、“冰山”风格

  海明威曾在《午后之死》一书中写道：“如果一位散文家对于他想写的东西心中有数，那么他可以省略他所知道的东西。读者呢，只要作者写的真实，会强烈的感觉到他所省略的地方，好像作者已经写出来似的。冰山在海里移动很庄严宏伟，这是因为它只有八分之一露在水面上。”这就是他的“冰山”理论。

  作者在谈到《老人与海》时曾说：这部小说“本来可以写成一千多页那么长，小说里有村庄里的每一个人人物，以及他们怎样谋生，怎样出生，受教育，生孩子等等的一切过程。“但结果，小说却被作者浓缩进只有五万多字，小说仅集中描写了桑提亚哥在海上捕鱼的惊心动魄的三天。以一个人物和一个事件来成就一部作品本来就已够简的了。然而，作者在露出水面的八分之一里仍极其吝啬他的笔墨。比如桑提亚哥的外貌描写，我们只看到这一处：

  老头儿后颈上凝聚了深刻的皱纹，显得又瘦又憔悴，两边脸上长着褐色的疙瘩，那是太阳在热带海面上的反光晒成的肉瘤。疙瘩顺着脸的两边蔓延下去。因为老是用绳拉大鱼的缘故，两只手上都留下皱纹很深的伤疤，但是没有一块伤疤是新的。那些伤疤年深日久，变得像没有鱼的沙漠里腐蚀的地方一样。

  他身上的每一部分都显得老迈，除了那双眼睛。那双眼啊，跟海水一样蓝，是愉快的，毫不沮丧的。

  但只是这一处，我们已经可以找到那种诗人产生情感的东西。就像是一副特别能打动人心的油画或者摄影作品：在暮色的大海边，一位老人弓着腰正拉扯着鱼网。周围很静，只有海浪拥挤沙滩和海鸟低廻私语的声音。风不响，听得见太阳一点一点地滴落。碰巧老人抬头看了看那将坠未坠的夕阳，落日的余辉将他的周身涂满金色，与他长年风吹日晒的红铜色皮肤相融，和谐的就像天生就该是这样。暗色里的痕影很深，年月已久，“像没有鱼的沙漠里腐蚀的一样”。而那双微凸的半眯的眼睛却无比的童贞。“是愉快的、毫不沮丧的”，“跟海水一样的蓝”，只因为心中简单的愿望。我们感觉得到岁月的印迹，每一块疤痕也写满了日子的丰腴。是单调的，孤独的，却也是让人满足而愉快。大海就是老人的家。

  像这种让人遐想和无比激动的文字在《老人与海》中比比皆是。这是一种把作者、对象与读者三者之间的距离缩短到最低限度的写法。英国作家赫•欧•贝茨说是附在文学身上的“乱毛”被海明威“剪了个干净”、“海明威是个拿着一把板斧的人”，“斩伐了整座森林的冗言赘语，还原了基本枝干的清爽面目，删去了解释、探讨，甚至于议论，砍掉了一切花花绿绿的比喻，清楚了古老神圣，毫无生气的文章俗套；直到最后，通过疏疏落落，经受了锤炼的文字，眼前才豁然开朗，能有所见。”

  是的，在海明威的文字里我们见不到通常那种铺陈冗繁，旁见侧出却又一览无余的描写。在桑提亚哥，我们不知道他的妻子怎么了，不知道他是否有孩子，我们甚至不知道他的确切岁数。我们只知道他是一个老人，一个爱梦见狮子的老人，一个喜爱大海，喜爱大海里的一切生命的捕鱼的老人。他孤独，他倔强，他乐观而且单纯。

  海明威极其吝啬笔墨于桑提亚哥的特定环境和背景，以他的八分之一来调动读者八分之七的想象。在简约含蓄的表达中，达到了一种深远幽蕴的艺术效果。让我们从桑提亚哥思想品质的抽象化和孤立化中揣测和领悟到桑提亚哥这一个体的独特魅力。

  二、深刻的心理剖析

  我们知道这是海明威最擅长的手法之一，同时，也是一种最能表现人物形象的艺术手法。在《老人与海》中，作者运用了大量的现代叙事艺术对桑提亚哥进行深刻的心理剖析，使我们看到了一个真实的英雄的内心世界。

  海明威的这种心理解构与以前的一些擅长心理描写的作家不同。比如我们知道陀斯妥耶夫斯基就是一位善于心理描写的大师。其手法被称为“心理挖掘”。因他善于探索心灵的奥秘。陀斯妥耶夫斯基常以“双重人格”为主题，进行浓重的幻觉想象和对病态心理和性格分裂的描绘，甚至是“潜意识”描写精雕细刻人物内在本性和精神状态的矛盾变化，并将人心里的罪恶毫不留情地揭示在读者面前至于残酷的程度，在人性的敏锐剖析里凸现生活内在的本质及其深刻非凡的哲理含义。又如列夫•托尔斯泰的心理分析，他致力于的是人的灵魂与道德问题的探究。运用的是被车尔尼雪夫斯基称之为“心灵辨证法”的心理描写技巧，即从体悟与解剖自己的心理开始，推己及人地在作品中表现人物的心理，通过描写心理变动的过程展示人物的思想性格演变。在这种心理过程本身及其形态和规律中描写出一些感情和心理是怎样演变为另一些感情和心理，来展示心理流动形态的多样性与内在联系。而海明威则不同。首先，他运用内心独白，直接展示人物的内心世界。在《老人与海》中，有一半以上的篇幅是桑提亚哥的内心独白。他在孤独的大海上孤独的思考着。

  他想：鸟儿的日子过得比我们还要苦，除非是鹰鹭和那些强大的鸟儿，为什么海洋有时候这样残忍，而像海燕一类的鸟儿又给弄得那么柔弱，那么纤细呢？海洋是仁慈的，十分美丽的。但是她有时竟会是这样残忍。又是来的这样突然，那些在海面上飞翔的鸟儿，不得不一面点水搜索，一面发出微细而凄惨的呐喊，这种鸟儿啊，生来就柔弱得没有抗拒海水的力量。

  桑提亚哥像一个小女人一样忧郁着感慨鸟儿的纤弱，他替鸟雀们伤心，特别是那弱不禁风的小海燕，他们永远在飞翔，永远在望，然而多半是永远找不到任何东西。

  他想：一个人上了年纪可不能孤零零的。但这又是免不了的事儿。为了保养身体，我一定要记住趁着金枪鱼没有腐烂的时候就把他吃掉。记住，不管你吃得下多少，你也必须在明早把它吃掉。记住呀，他自言自语的说。

  这里的桑提亚哥让我想起了《射雕英雄传》里被囚禁在桃花岛山洞里的老顽童，很孤独地练习左手打右手。桑提亚哥是寂寞的，就是那种我们对着镜子调侃自己的寂寞，像一个孩子一样简单地心思。类似于果戈理的“含泪的笑”，让我们在轻松简单的微笑中体会到深蕴的孤独。

  其次，内心世界的外化，即通过人物的外部表现如表情、动作、语言以及作者的叙述等，把人物的内心世界暗示出来。在《老人与海》中尤其表现为桑提亚哥的语言和动作。

  “海豚”，老头儿大声说。“一条大海豚。”

  “大青花鱼”，他嚷起来，“它可以当作很好的鱼食，称起来怕有十磅重呢！”

  直接而单纯的桑提亚哥，回到了大海就回到了他的幸福所在。他是天真的孩子，是海的儿子。

  “它们都很和气”，他说。“它们在一道儿玩耍，寻开心，你爱我我爱你的。像飞鱼一样，它们都是我们的兄弟啊！”

  “你多大了呀？”老头儿问鸟儿。“这是你初次的远游吗？好好休息一会吧，小鸟儿，他说，鸟儿，乐意的话，请到我家里去吧”，他说。

  善良、顽皮的桑提亚哥，心中充满了与自然的亲昵之爱。他是爱的使者，是自然的孩子。

  “不坏”，他说，“痛苦在一个男子汉不算一回事。”

  “可是一个人并不是生来要给打败的，”他说，“你尽可能把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。”

  坚强、自信的桑提亚哥让勇气和力量冲破惊涛骇浪，在勇者无惧的信念里成长为一名真正的男子汉，成为英雄的化身。

  在爱和勇气里，老人与海是如此的和谐美妙。他的孩子式的简单，他的广博的爱心，他的英雄气概，使桑提亚哥立体于我们的思想里，鲜活而丰满。他是一个老人，他是老迈的，但我们却无法从他的语言、动作，从他的内心读出衰老的涵义。只要心不老，只要心中充满爱和勇气。

  海明威用它独特的表现方式让我们从桑提亚哥身上读出很多。尽管海明威曾说：“没有什么象征主义的东西，大海就是大海，老人就是老人，孩子就是孩子，鱼就是鱼。”但笔者仍不得不说，确实是读出了些什么，读出了那种向人生的磨难宣战，向生命的极限挑战，在困难、挫折、失败、痛苦与失望中永不气馁，向死亡做不屈不挠的抗争，愿意以生命来换取荣誉和尊严的信念和勇气。读出了一种文学形式下最高层次的人类生存意志。在其宁死不弯、誓死如旧的性格硬度外，读出了其深蕴的哲理性与象征意义。是那种哲理化的硬汉子精神，一种永恒的、超越时空的存在，一种压倒命运的力量！我们看到作者将富有生命的形象同朦胧的寓意融合，将现实生活的诗情画意同深刻的哲理融合，创造出一种体现人类尊严与命运重压下仍有优雅风度的硬汉子形象——桑提亚哥。

  一、悲剧英雄：古希腊英雄内质的一种继承。

  在读者心目中，古希腊的英雄应是健康的人体美与自由的意志美的完美组合。他们往往拥有超常的勇气、技艺、智慧和健美，并始终处在权利、利益、爱情和荣誉的巅峰。他们是阳光的儿子，世界的主人，最绚烂的极致。当然，尽管美好，这都只是表面的光环。透过这光圈，我们深入古希腊文化的精神，我们将可以发掘到古希腊英雄的两个重要内质。

  首先，宿命的悲剧性，即人的自由意志与命运的冲突。在被柏拉图认为培养了整个古希腊的荷马的思想中，他认为除了神以外，人生还受到另一种超自然的力量，即命运或“命限”的制约。这种人与命运的冲突成为古希腊文学和文化中的悲剧意识。在《荷马史诗》中，我们看到作为“神和人的父亲”、“沉雷远播”的宙斯自然握有操纵命运的神力。但是他不仅不能代替命运，而且一般也不能随心所欲的改变它的运作轨迹。当他试图拯救爱子萨尔裴东时，招致赫拉和众神的一直反对：“你打算把他救离悲惨的死亡，一个凡人，一个命里注定要死的凡人？”和“幸福的”或“快乐的”神相比，凡人是“可怜的”或“可悲的”。凡人从出生的那一刻开始便已受到命运的摆布，带上了死亡的阴影。即使是王者的生活，也不可避免的包孕悲愁的种子。人的属性使他最终无法摆脱死的胁迫，必须面临骨肉分离的结局。人生短暂，短暂的让人不寒而栗。在另一部作品被亚里士多德尊为悲剧典范的《俄底浦斯王》中，“命运”被描写成一种巨大的力量，它象一个魔影，总在主人公行动之前设下陷阱，使其步入罪恶的深渊，成为命运的奴隶。

  这种宿命的悲剧性也成了整个西方“悲剧意识”的源头。在后来的作品如莎士比亚的《麦克白》中，我们看到“人生如痴人说梦，充满了喧哗与骚动，却没有任何意义。”莫泊桑的作品告诉我们“我们什么也不知道，我们什么也猜不透，我们什么也想象不出。”自然，这种思想也从骨子里影响了作家海明威。他的作品中透出一种强烈的死亡意识。认为那是一个没有水，没有生命的荒原，它不服从于任何规律，她无情的粉碎人们的一切努力挣扎，它杀死“世界上最善良和最勇敢的人”，它象火海一样威胁着“燃烧的木棒上的蚂蚁”——人类。

  在《老人与海》中，老人桑提亚哥被命运的手掌紧紧攥住。我们看到了在中国当代诗人昌耀作品《内陆高迥》中的那种意象：“孤独的内陆高迥空旷恒大/使一切可能的轰动自肇始就将潮解而失去弹性。/而永远渺小。/孤独的内陆。/无声的火曜。/无声的崩毁。”老人在旷远壮阔的大海被消解成一种象征。他的所有的挣扎和奋斗都成为宿命的玩笑。在路上，只能一直在路上，“而愈益沉重却只是灵魂的寂寞/谁与我同享暮色的金黄然后一起退入月光宝石？”一往无前的在路上，无尽的是彻骨的孤独，还有的是自言自语的落寞。沧海一粟，渺小的就像“一个挑战的旅行者步行在上帝的沙盘”。成为上帝眼里的小蚂蚁，在沙盘里用尽全力却只是可笑的行走。失败，是注定的悲剧。

  我们在老人的宿命里无声的嘲笑着人类的命运。但同时，另一种情愫更慢慢地绕紧了我们的心，这就是古希腊英雄内质的第二个方面：英雄精神。这种英雄精神是一种在生活的艰辛中看到生存的意义，在战争的残酷中看到生命价值的精神。这种精神是要用有限的生命抗拒无限的困苦和磨难，在短促的一生中使生命最大限度地展现自身的价值，使它在抗争的最炽热的热点上闪耀出勇气、智慧和进取精神的光华。因为人终究是要死的，但他应在生与死的战火中得到磨练，表现出即使在最酷烈的条件下也不准备放弃抗争和自我检验的决心。凡人中的精英不应回避生活的挑战，相反，他们有责任在赴汤蹈火的实践中，把对生命的热爱之情上升为对人生价值的追寻。

  在《荷马史诗》中，荷马给他的英雄们规划了活要活的扬眉吐气，死要死的轰轰烈烈；畏畏缩缩，胆小如鼠，是降低人格的表现的这样一种有原则的生活。在《俄底浦斯王》中，中心人物俄底浦斯王虽受命运的捉弄，但他在邪恶的命运面前并不是消极顺从，而是努力抗争，并且敢于面对现实，敢于自我惩罚。海明威也便在这种精神的影响下，为美国先民那种勇于冒险，不甘失败的热血所激励，不承认失败的现实，不怜悯自己的伤痛，在绝望的世界中展现出一个人必须有的样子：信心十足的走来，潇洒自若的走去，给世界留下一个意味深长的微笑。这种积极入世的自强意识，从哲学意义上来说，是海明威在弘扬一种人类的行动精神：从美学意义上来说，是海明威贡献给人类的一种悲剧美，一种知其不可为而为之的崇高。

  桑提亚哥驾驶着小船驶向茫茫的大海。面对不可知的命运，他的选择是接受和迎接，充满了冒险精神，他愿意成为一个行动的巨人。尽管对手的力量莫可名测，尽管失败是必然的，但是绝不气馁。桑提亚哥将古今西方流行的格言“不冒险，无所得”发挥到了极致。他是那么的镇定、勇敢和坚毅。当小船一无所获的驶回小港的时候，他曾经问自己：“是什么把你打败的呢？”回答是干脆的、充满自信的——“什么也不是”他提高嗓子说，“是我走得太远了”。拼到底的桑提亚哥以他的精神胜利在必然的失败面前通过自己的行动证明了伟大人类的抗争精神。

  桑提亚哥是一个在悲剧观中产生勇气，在勇敢飞同时又伴随着悲观的悲剧英雄。成为古希腊英雄内质的一种完美再现。

  二、生命英雄：海明威的写照

  海明威的一生充满了传奇色彩。他年轻时期就是一个特别要强的人，他对他所爱好的体育运动，诸如拳击、橄榄球等简直达到了痴狂的状态。在这早年的对抗里，他热衷于在一切事情中当第一名，如果当不上，他就放弃那项运动。比如他在橡树公园高级中学最后那年放弃踢足球，就因为那一年他没有当上锦标队的主将；而他不上大学的一个原因，也就是预料到要踢更多的足球。1918年5月，海明威以记者的身份参加美国的红十字会的战地服务队，并赴意大利前线。不料在那里不久便在驾驶救护车冲过火线时被一颗开花炮弹炸成了重伤，战地医院医师在他浑身上下取出了237块大小弹片，而海明威当时居然带着这些弹片，背着一个伤势更加严重的意大利士兵，在自己晕倒之前挣扎着到了救护站。这些伤疤为海明威赢得了意大利政府将授的银十字军功勋章。但战争的残酷恐怖在他的心灵深处留下了难以磨灭的创伤，致使他的作品能够深刻地表现这种精神的惶惑，成为“迷惘的一代”的代表作家。1936年7月，西班牙内战爆发，海明威又毅然的投入到了这场民主与独裁的生死搏斗，并以此写出了其不朽之作《丧钟为谁而鸣》。之后，海明威消溺了很长的时间，很多人认为他已经丧失了创作的精力。但在1952年，海明威拿出了一部丰碑一样的中篇《老人与海》，并于1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖。1958年，海明威的身体每况愈下，他和高血压、糖尿病等痼疾顽强搏斗了近三年。最后，决心主动地摆脱病榻上的痛苦折磨，在1961年7月用他心爱的双管猎枪结束了自己的生命。海明威的一生就像是一部小说或者就是热烈的夏天。他是“生则重生，死则安死”的最好写照。“活着，就要勇敢的活下去”，活的精彩，死则“与其等到希望破灭，抱着病残的身躯痛苦呻吟死去，不如血气方刚，怀有雄心壮志，高高兴兴地在烈火中焚化。”

  桑提亚哥是海明威晚年作品《老人与海》中的硬汉子，我们从桑提亚哥身上可以看到很多作者的影子。海明威也曾经说：“我决定把我所经历过的每件事都写进小说……这是良好而严格的锻炼。”我们在桑提亚哥身上虽然没有看出作者所经历的每一件事情，但我们却感受到了那种生与死的精神。桑提亚哥同海明威一样是一个要活的精彩的人，永不气馁的人，愿意用自己的精神向命运挑战的人。尽管老人最后失败了，但老人却傲然地面对了死亡，完成了一次生命的交响。尽管海明威自杀了，这或许是一种消极的自我毁灭。但如果用海明威所一贯歌颂的绝不认输、藐视死亡的“硬汉子”精神相比照分析，他的自杀也未尝不是对病魔采取的一种“宁死不屈”，与之“同归于尽”的解决手段，他完成了对于生命的超越，成为了光荣与幸福之峰巅的死者。桑提亚哥与海明威在这种勇敢的面对与考验里成为了生命的强者，成为了生命英雄。

  三、最后的英雄：最后一个真正的精神贵族

  进入到现代主义，在尼采的“上帝死了”、“打到偶像”、“一切价值重估”等口号下，作家不再坚守传统的理性原则，不相信人道主义的理想，而是站在生命本体论的立场上思考世界与人类的前途。更关注于人类本身，追求人的生命欲求，自我消解、压抑、惶惶不可终日的虚无感、威胁感与恐惧感。描写人性丑的一面，如堕落、畸形、、变态、瘟疫等，将自我的平庸和恶进行自我暴露和撕裂。现代主义文学中再也不见了英雄的痕迹，英雄支离破碎，剩下的只有“反英雄”之后的无奈和悲哀。

  桑提亚哥成为了孤独的留守者，最后一个英雄。他的那种为了某种理想和信念不畏险阻、不恤其身、拼搏到底的道德勇气和执着意志被消解成反英雄的那种面临人生难题的唯唯诺诺、全无主见，缺乏了崇高的人生目标和维护某种信念的意志力量。表现在卡夫卡的《变形记》中，格里高尔成为了丧失自我，在绝望中挣扎的大甲虫。表现在乔伊斯《尤利西斯》中，布卢姆成了奥德修斯的滑稽版。面对妻子的外遇只是无可奈何、吞下苦果、委曲求全。遇到暴力袭击也不反抗，只会逃之夭夭。对于别人的奚落和侮辱也只好忍气吞声，仅以抽屉里的黄色照片和偷窥女人的内衣来满足自己畸形的心理。成为庸俗和无能的代名词。表现在海勒的《第二十二条军规》中，尤索林用一种“恶意的手段”来摆脱困扰，即去扮演一个他人要求你扮演的角色，然后按角色的要求来行动。“我大概倒喜欢像一株植物那样活，不为什么重大的事情去拿主意。”他的逃跑也只是为了生存，他不会为了改变境遇去做不屈不挠的斗争。这些反英雄都得了一种病——人格软骨症。英雄，成了一个可悲的玩笑。

  桑提亚哥成了最后一个英雄。他的个体魅力与崇高的悲剧美也就成为我们心中英雄的巅峰，成为留守的最后一个精神贵族。

  海明威像普罗米修斯一样，参照生活中的生命，又重塑了一种生命形态。他挖掘其硬汉子精神的潜能的无限性，以文学形式对人类英雄气质的升华进行另外一次尝试。他的桑提亚哥被理想化为一种性格、一个人格、一种意志、一种信念、一种风度、一种美感、一种生命形态，成为人类英雄的真正之所在。

• 如何和任何人都能聊天呢？

  作者：Jeremy_杰瑞米 发布时间：2016-12-13 04:15:01

  

  Have you ever admired those successful people who seem to" have it all"? You see them chatting confidently at business meetings or comfortably at social parties. They're the ones with the best jobs, the nicest spouses, the finest friends, the biggest bank accounts, or the most fashionable zip codes.

  HOW TO INTRIGUE EVERYONE WITHOUT SAYING A WORD

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  HOW TO INTRIGUE EVERYONE WITHOUT SAYING A WORD

  whenever people meet you, they take an instant mental snapshot. That image of you becomes the data they deal with for a very long time.

  TECHNIQUE #1 THE FLOODING SMILE

  Don't flash an immediate smile when you greet someone, as though anyone who walked into your line of sight would be the beneficiary. Instead, look at the other person's face for a second. Pause. Soak in their persona. Then let a big, warm, responsive smile flood over your face and overflow into your eyes. It will engulf the recipient like a warm wave. The split-second delay convinces people your flooding smile is genuine and only for them.

  TECHNIQUE #2 STICKY EYES

  Pretend your eyes are glued to your conversation partner's with sticky warm taffy. Don't break eye contact even after he or she has finished speaking. When you must look away, do it ever so slowly, reluctantly, stretching the gooey taffy until the tiny string finally breaks. When talking to men, you, too, can use Sticky Eyes. Just make them a little less sticky when discussing personal matters with other men,

  TECHNIQUE #3 EPOXY EYES

  This brazen technique packs a powerful punch. Watch your target person even when someone else is talking. No matter who is speaking, keep looking at the man or woman you want to impact. Sometimes using full Epoxy Eyes is too potent, so here is a gentler, yet effective, form. Watch the speaker but let your glance bounce to your target each time the speaker finishes a point. This way Mr. or Ms. Target still feels you are intrigued by his or her reactions, yet there is relief from the intensity. (Never use Epoxy Eyes on strangers in public settings or you could get arrested!)

  TECHNIQUE #4 HANG BY YOUR TEETH

  Visualize a circus iron-jaw bit hanging from the frame of every door you walk through. Take a bite and, with it firmly between your teeth, let it swoop you to the peak of the big top. When you hang by your teeth, every muscle is stretched into perfect posture position.

  TECHNIQUE #5 THE BIG-BABY PIVOT

  Give everyone you meet The Big-Baby Pivot. The instant the two of you are introduced, reward your new acquaintance. Give the warm smile, the total-body turn, and the undivided attention you would give a tiny tyke who crawled up to your feet, turned a precious face up to yours, and beamed a big toothless grin. Pivoting 100 percent toward the new person shouts "I think you are very, very special."

  Even if your Hang by Your Teeth posture is gaining their respect, your Flooding Smile and The Big-Baby Pivot are making them feel special, and your Sticky Eyes are capturing their hearts and minds, the rest of your body can reveal any incongruence. Every inch— from the crinkle of your forehead to the position of your feet— must give a command performance if you want to effectively present an "I care about you" attitude.

  TECHNIQUE #6 HELLO OLD FRIEND

  When meeting someone, imagine he or she is an old friend (an old customer, an old beloved, or someone else you had great affection for). How sad, the vicissitudes of life tore you two asunder. But, holy mackerel, now the party (the meeting, the convention) has reunited you with your long-lost old friend! The joyful experience starts a remarkable chain reaction in your body from the subconscious softening of your eyebrows to the positioning of your toes— and everything between. An added benefit to the Hello Old Friend technique is it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. When you act as though you like someone, you start to really like them.

  You now have all the basics to come across to everyone you meet as a Somebody, a friendly Somebody. But your job isn't over yet. In addition to being liked, you want to appear credible, intelligent, and sure of yourself. Each of the next three techniques accomplishes one of those goals.

  TECHNIQUE #7 LIMIT THE FIDGET

  Whenever your conversation really counts, let your nose itch, your ear tingle, or your foot prickle. Do not fidget, twitch, wiggle, squirm, or scratch. And above all, keep your paws away from your puss. Hand motions near your face and all fidgeting can give your listener the gut feeling you're fibbing.

  TECHNIQUE #

  8 HANS&

  #x27;S HORSE SENSE

  Make it a habit to get on a dual track while talking. Express yourself, but keep a keen eye on how your listener is reacting to what you're saying. Then plan your moves accordingly. If a horse can do it, so can a human. People will say you pick up on everything. You never miss a trick. You've got horse sense.

  TECHNIQUE #9 WATCH THE SCENE BEFORE YOU MAKE THE SCENE

  Rehearse being the Super Somebody you want to be ahead of time. SEE yourself walking around with Hang by Your Teeth posture, shaking hands, smiling the Flooding Smile, and making Sticky Eyes. HEAR yourself chatting comfortably with everyone. FEEL the pleasure of knowing you are in peak form and everyone is gravitating toward you. VISUALIZE yourself a Super Somebody. Then it all happens automatically.

  We now move from the silent world to the spoken word.

  HOW TO KNOW WHAT TO SAY AFTER YOU SAY "HI"

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  HOW TO KNOW WHAT TO SAY AFTER YOU SAY "HI"

  TECHNIQUE #10 MAKE A MOOD MATCH

  Before opening your mouth, take a "voice sample" of your listener to detect his or her state of mind. Take a "psychic photograph" of the expression to see if your listener looks buoyant, bored, or blitzed. If you ever want to bring people around to your thoughts, you must match their mood and voice tone, if only for a moment.

  TECHNIQUE #11 PROSAIC WITH PASSION

  Worried about your first words? Fear not, because 80 percent of your listener's impression has nothing to do with your words anyway. Almost anything you say at first is fine. No matter how prosaic the text, an empathetic mood, a positive demeanor, and passionate delivery make you sound exciting.

  Let's take a quick detour on our road to meaningful communicating. I'll give you three quickie techniques to meet people at parties— then nine more to make small talk not so small.

  TECHNIQUE #12 ALWAYS WEAR A WHATZIT

  Whenever you go to a gathering, wear or carry something unusual to give people who find you the delightful stranger across the crowded room an excuse to approach. "Excuse me, I couldn't help but notice your . . . what IS that?"

  TECHNIQUE #13 WHOOZAT

  Whoozat is the most effective, least used (by non-politicians) meeting-people device ever contrived. Simply ask the party giver to make the introduction, or pump for a few facts that you can immediately turn into icebreakers.

  TECHNIQUE #14 EAVESDROP

  IN No Whatzit? No host for Whoozat? No problem! Just sidle up behind the swarm of folks you want to infiltrate and open your ears. Wait for any flimsy excuse and jump in with "Excuse me, I couldn't help but overhear. . . ." Will they be taken aback? Momentarily. Will they get over it? Momentarily. Will you be in the conversation? Absolutely!

  Let us now hop back on the train that first explored Small Talk City and travel to the land of Meaningful Communicating.

  TECHNIQUE #15 NEVER THE NAKED CITY 生动的答案

  Whenever someone asks you the inevitable, "And where are you from?" never, ever, unfairly challenge their powers of imagination with a one-word answer. Learn some engaging facts about your hometown that conversational partners can comment on. Then, when they say something clever in response to your bait, they think you're a great conversationalist. 用生动的情境：比如92年出生，也是Sam Smith出生那年，来替代枯燥的答案；可以抵挡白目的话题：年工资？大概迪拜住一个礼拜都不够吧！

  TECHNIQUE #16 NEVER THE NAKED JOB

  When asked the inevitable "And what do you do," you may think "I'm an economist/ an educator/ an engineer" is giving enough information to engender good conversation. However, to one who is not an economist, educator, or an engineer, you might as well be saying "I'm a paleontologist/ psychoanalyst/ pornographer." Flesh it out. Throw out some delicious facts about your job for new acquaintances to munch on. Otherwise, they'll soon excuse themselves, preferring the snacks back at the cheese tray.

  TECHNIQUE #17 NEVER THE NAKED INTRODUCTION

  When introducing people, don't throw out an unbaited hook and stand there grinning like a big clam, leaving the newlymets to flutter their fins and fish for a topic. Bait the conversational hook to get them in the swim of things. Then you're free to stay or float on to the next networking opportunity.

  Armed with these two personality enhancers, three conversation igniters, and three small extenders, it is time to take a step up the communications ladder. Let us now rise from small talk and seek the path to more meaningful dialogue. The next technique is guaranteed to make the exchange engrossing for your conversation partner.

  TECHNIQUE #18 BE A WORD DETECTIVE

  Like a good gumshoe, listen to your conversation partner's every word for clues to his or her preferred topic. The evidence is bound to slip out. Then spring on that subject like a sleuth on to a slip of the tongue. Like Sherlock Holmes, you have the clue to the subject that's hot for the other person.

  Now that you've ignited stimulating conversation, let's explore a technique to keep it hot.

  TECHNIQUE #19 THE SWIVELING SPOTLIGHT

  When you meet someone, imagine a giant revolving spotlight between you. When you're talking, the spotlight is on you. When the new person is speaking, it's shining on him or her. If you shine it brightly enough, the stranger will be blinded to the fact that you have hardly said a word about yourself. The longer you keep it shining away from you, the more interesting he or she finds you.

  TECHNIQUE #20 PARROTING

  Never be left speechless again. Like a parrot, simply repeat the last few words your conversation partner says. That puts the ball right back in his or her court, and then all you need to do is listen.

  TECHNIQUE #21 ENCORE!

  The sweetest sound a performer can hear welling up out of the applause is "Encore! Encore! Let's hear it again!" The sweetest sound your conversation partner can hear from your lips when you're talking with a group of people is "Tell them about the time you . . ." Whenever you're at a meeting or party with someone important to you, think of some stories he or she told you. Choose an appropriate one from their repertoire that the crowd will enjoy. Then shine the spotlight by requesting a repeat performance. While the two of you are chatting with a group of people, simply turn to him and say, "John, I bet everyone would love to hear about the time you caught that thirty-pound striped bass." Or, "Susan, tell everyone that story you just told me of how you rescued the kitten from the tree." He or she will, of course, demure. Insist!

  TECHNIQUE #

  23 THE LATEST NEWS . . . DON&

  #x27;T LEAVE HOME WITHOUT IT

  The last move to make before leaving for the party— even after you've given yourself final approval in the mirror— is to turn on the radio news or scan your newspaper. Anything that happened today is good material. Knowing the big-deal news of the moment is also a defensive move that rescues you from putting your foot in your mouth by asking what everybody's talking about. Foot-in-mouth is not very tasty in public, especially when it's surrounded by egg-on-face.

  HOW TO TALK LIKE A VIP

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  HOW TO TALK LIKE A VIP

  TECHNIQUE #24 WHAT DO YOU DO— NOT!

  A sure sign you're a Somebody is the conspicuous absence of the question, "What do you do?”. Asking "How do you spend most of your time?" instead of "And what do you do?"

  TECHNIQUE #25 THE NUTSHELL RÉSUMÉ

  Just as job-seeking top managers roll a different written rèsumè off their printers for each position they're applying for, let a different true story about your professional life roll off your tongue for each listener. Before responding to "What do you do?" ask yourself, "What possible interest could this person have in my answer? Could he refer business to me? Buy from me? Hire me? Marry my sister? Become my buddy?"

  TECHNIQUE #26 YOUR PERSONAL THESAURUS

  Look up some common words you use every day in the thesaurus. Then, like slipping your feet into a new pair of shoes, slip your tongue into a few new words to see how they fit. If you like them, start making permanent replacements. Remember, only fifty words makes the difference between a rich, creative vocabulary and an average, middle-of-the-road one. Substitute a word a day for two months and you'll be in the verbally elite.

  TECHNIQUE #27 KILL THE QUICK "ME, TOO!"

  Whenever you have something in common with someone, the longer you wait to reveal it, the more moved (and impressed) he or she will be. You emerge as a confident big cat, not a lonely little stray, hungry for quick connection with a stranger. P.S.: Don't wait too long to reveal your shared interest or it will seem like you're being too tricky. ( "My goodness, why didn't you tell me? I must have been boring you." "Oh, not at all," I replied honestly. "I was enjoying hearing about your trip so much, I was afraid you'd stop if I told you." Her big smile and barely audible "Oh gosh" let me know I had won a new friend.)

  TECHNIQUE #28 COMM-YOU-NICATION

  Big winners (when they wish to control, inspire, be loved by, sell to people, or get them to go to dinner) do the thinking for them. They translate everything into the other person's terms by starting as many sentences as they can with that powerful little three-letter word, you. Start every appropriate sentence with you. It immediately grabs your listener's attention. It gets a more positive response because it pushes the pride button and saves them having to translate it into "me" terms. When you sprinkle you as liberally as salt and pepper throughout your conversation, your listeners find it an irresistible spice.

  ( Instead of saying "Can I take Friday off, Boss?”, say "Boss, can you do without me Friday?; Instead of saying "I like your suit.”, say "You look great in that suit.”; instead of saying "That's a good question.”, say "You've asked a good question.” ; Salespeople, don't just tell your prospects, "It's important that . . . ." Convince them by informing them, "You'll see the importance of. . . ." When negotiating, instead of, "The result will be . . ." let them know, "You'll see the result when you. . . .” )

  TECHNIQUE #

  31 USE JAWSMITH&

  #x27;S JIVE

  Whether you're standing behind a podium facing thousands or behind the barbecue grill facing your family, you'll move, amuse, and motivate with the same skills. Read speakers' books to cull quotations, pull pearls of wisdom, and get gems to tickle their funny bones. Find a few bon mots to let casually slide off your tongue on chosen occasions. If you want to be notable, dream up a crazy quotable. Make 'em rhyme, make 'em clever, or make 'em funny. Above all, make 'em relevant.

  ("My daddy's Mr. Farber. I'm Barry,”; Many speakers use author's and speaker's agent Lilly Walters's face-saver lines from her book, What to Say When You're Dying on the Platform. If you tell a joke and no one laughs, try "That joke was designed to get a silent laugh— and it worked." If the microphone lets out an agonizing howl, look at it and say, "I don't understand. I brushed my teeth this morning." If someone asks you a question you don't want to answer, "Could you save that question until I'm finished— and well on my way home?" All pros think of holes they might fall into and then memorize great escape lines. You can do the same.

  TECHNIQUE #33 TRASH THE TEASING

  A dead giveaway of a little cat is his or her proclivity to tease. An innocent joke at someone else's expense may get you a cheap laugh. Nevertheless, the big cats will have the last one. Because you'll bang your head against the glass ceiling they construct to keep little cats from stepping on their paws. Never, ever, make a joke at anyone else's expense. You'll wind up paying for it, dearly.

  TECHNIQUE #

  34 IT&

  #x27;S THE RECEIVER'S BALL

  A football player wouldn't last two beats of the time clock if he made blind passes. A pro throws the ball with the receiver always in mind. Before throwing out any news, keep your receiver in mind. Then deliver it with a smile, a sigh, or a sob. Not according to how you feel about the news, but how the receiver will take it.

  TECHNIQUE #

  36 BIG SHOTS DON&

  #x27;T SLOBBER

  People who are VIPs in their own right don't slobber over celebrities. When you are chatting with one, don't compliment her work, simply say how much pleasure or insight it's given you. (like, "Mr. Allen, I just want to tell you how much pleasure your wonderful films have given me over the years. Thank you so much.”; tell your big boss what an honor it is to work for him. ) If you do single out any one of the star's accomplishments, make sure it's a recent one, not a memory that's getting yellow in her scrapbook. If the queen bee has a drone sitting with her, find a way to involve him in the conversation.

  TECHNIQUE #37 NEVER THE NAKED THANK YOU

  Never let the phrase "thank you" stand alone. From A to Z, always follow it with for: from "Thank you for asking" to "Thank you for zipping me up."

  HOW TO BE AN INSIDER IN ANY CROWD

  TECHNIQUE #38 SCRAMBLE THERAPY

  Once a month, scramble your life. Do something you'd never dream of doing. Participate in a sport, go to an exhibition, hear a lecture on something totally out of your experience. You get 80 percent of the right lingo and insider questions from just one exposure. Think about it! Suppose at a dinner party, the table conversation turns to scuba diving. If you, too, had done your one-time-only dive, you'd ask your diving dinner companion if he likes night diving or whether he prefers diving on wrecks or reefs. (He'll never believe it when you tell him the deepest water you've ever submerged yourself in is your own bathtub.) Then you turn to the bungee jumper seated on your left and ask him, "Do you prefer chest-waist jumps or ankle jumps?" If the conversation then changes to tennis, or martial arts, or chess, or coin collecting, or even bird-watching, you can keep up and keep the conversation going. What a guy! What a gal!

  TECHNIQUE #39 LEARN A LITTLE JOBBLEDYGOOK

  Big winners speak Jobbledygook as a second language. What is Jobbledygook? It's the language of other professions. Why speak it? It makes you sound like an insider. Simply ask a friend who speaks the lingo of the crowd you'll be with to teach you a few opening questions. The words are few and the rewards are manifold. That's all you need to get started— two good opening art questions and a warning against the most-asked dumb outsider question.

  TECHNIQUE #40 BARING THEIR HOT BUTTON

  Before jumping blindly into a bevy of bookbinders or a drove of dentists, find out what the hot issues are in their fields. Every industry has burning concerns the outside world knows little about. Ask your informant to bare the industry buzz. Then, to heat the conversation up, push those buttons.

  TECHNIQUE #41 READ THEIR RAGS

  Is your next big client a golfer, runner, swimmer, surfer, or skier? Are you attending a social function filled with accountants or Zen Buddhists— or anything in between? There are untold thousands of monthly magazines serving every imaginable interest. You can dish up more information than you'll ever need to sound like an insider with anyone just by reading the rags that serve their racket.

  TECHNIQUE #43 BLUFFING FOR BARGAINS

  The haggling skills used in ancient Arab markets are alive and well in contemporary America for big-ticket items. Your price is much lower when you know how to deal. Before every big purchase, find several vendors— a few to learn from and one to buy from. Armed with a few words of industryese, you're ready to head for the store where you're going to buy.

  HOW TO SOUND LIKE YOU'RE PEAS IN A POD

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  HOW TO SOUND LIKE YOU'RE PEAS IN A POD

  Along with making more profound rapport with customers, friends, and associates, using the following techniques develops a deeper understanding and empathy with people of all races and backgrounds. It also opens doors that might otherwise be closed to you.

  TECHNIQUE #44 BE A COPYCLASS

  Watch people. Look at the way they move. Small movements? Big movements? Fast? Slow? Jerky? Fluid? Old? Young? Classy? Trashy?Pretend the person you are talking to is your dance instructor. Is he a jazzy mover? Is she a balletic mover? Watch his or her body, then imitate the style of movement. That makes your conversation partner subliminally real comfy with you.

  TECHNIQUE #45 ECHOING

  Echoing is a simple linguistic technique that packs a powerful wallop. Listen to the speaker's arbitrary choice of nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives— and echo them back. Hearing their words come out of your mouth creates subliminal rapport. It makes them feel you share their values, their attitudes, their interests, their experiences.

  TECHNIQUE #47 EMPLOY EMPATHIZERS

  Don't be an unconscious ummer. Vocalize complete sentences to show your understanding. Dust your dialogue with phrases like "I see what you mean." Sprinkle it with sentimental sparklers like "That's a lovely thing to say." Your empathy impresses your listeners and encourages them to continue.（Empathizers are simple, short, supportive statements. Unlike "uh huh," they are complete sentences such as "I can appreciate you decided to do that," or "That really is exciting." Empathizers can be one-sentence positive critiques like "Yes, that was the honorable thing to do," or "It's charming you felt that way.”）

  TECHNIQUE #49 THE PREMATURE WE

  Create the sensation of intimacy with someone even if you've met just moments before. Scramble the signals in their psyche by skipping conversational levels one and two and cutting right to levels three and four. Elicit intimate feelings by using the magic words we, us, and our. （Ask your prospect's feelings on something the way you would query a friend. ( at work. use the pronoun we when discussing anything that might affect the two of you. " Do you think we're going to prosper during his administration?’ At a party, you might say to someone standing behind you at the buffet line, "Hey, this looks great. They really laid out a nice spread for us." Or, "Uh-oh, we're going to get fat if we let ourselves enjoy all of this.”）

  TECHNIQUE #50 INSTANT HISTORY

  When you meet a stranger you'd like to make less a stranger, search for some special moment you shared during your first encounter. Then find a few words that reprieve the laugh, the warm smile, the good feelings the two of you felt. Now, just like old friends, you have a history together, an Instant History.

  Chemistry, charisma, and confidence are three characteristics shared by big winners in all walks of life. Part One helped us make a dynamic, confident, and charismatic first impression with body language. In Part Two, we put smooth small-talk lyrics to our body ballet. Then in Part Three, we seized hints from the big boys and big girls so we're contenders for life's big league. Part Four rescued us from being tongue-tied with folks with whom we have very little in common. And in Part Five, we learned techniques to create instant chemistry, instant intimacy, instant rapport.

  What's left? You guessed it— making people feel really good about themselves. But compliments are a dangerous weapon in today's world. One mishandling and you can butcher the relationship. Let us now explore the power of praise, the folly of flattery, and how you can use these potent tools effectively.

  HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE THE POWER OF PRAISE FROM THE FOLLY OF FLATTERY

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  HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE THE POWER OF PRAISE FROM THE FOLLY OF FLATTERY

  TECHNIQUE #51 GRAPEVINE GLORY

  A compliment one hears is never as exciting as the one he overhears. A priceless way to praise is not by telephone, not by telegraph, but by tell-a-friend. This way you escape possible suspicion that you are an apple-polishing, bootlicking, egg-sucking, back-scratching sycophant trying to win brownie points. You also leave recipients with the happy fantasy that you are telling the whole world about their greatness.

  TECHNIQUE #52 CARRIER PIGEON KUDOS

  People immediately grow a beak and metamorphosize themselves into carrier pigeons when there's bad news. (It's called gossip.) Instead, become a carrier of good news and kudos. Whenever you hear something complimentary about someone, fly to them with the compliment. Your fans may not posthumously stuff you and put you on display in a museum like Stumpy Joe. But everyone loves the carrier pigeon of kind thoughts. Another way to warm hearts and win friends is to become a carrier pigeon of news items that might interest the recipient. Call, mail, or E-mail people with information they might find interesting. Try it. Think of the money you'll save on greeting cards. A relevant clipping is the big winner's way of saying, "I'm thinking of you and your interests.” （"You know, Sam, Carl said the nicest thing about you the other day."）

  TECHNIQUE #53 IMPLIED MAGNIFICENCE

  Throw a few comments into your conversation that presuppose something positive about the person you're talking with. But be careful. Don't blow it like the well-intentioned maintenance man. Or the southern boy who, at the prom, thought he was flattering his date when he told her, "Gosh, Mary Lou, for a fat gal you dance real good."

  TECHNIQUE #54 ACCIDENTAL ADULATION

  Become an undercover complimenter. Stealthily sneak praise into the parenthetical part of your sentence. Just don't try to quiz anyone later on your main point. The joyful jolt of your accidental adulation strikes them temporarily deaf to anything that follows.（ "Leil, you're much too young to remember this, but when Apollo 11 landed on the moon . . .” Tell your sixty-five-year-old uncle, "Anyone as fit as you would have zipped right up those steps, but boy, was I out of breath." Tell a colleague: "Because you're so knowledgeable in contract law, you would have read between the lines, but stupidly, I signed it.”）

  TECHNIQUE #55 KILLER COMPLIMENT

  A Killer Compliment is not "I like your tie" or "You're a very nice person." (The first is not personal enough and the second is not specific enough.) A Killer Compliment is more like "What exquisite eyes you have," (very specific) or "You have a wonderful air of honesty about you," (very personal).

  Whenever you are talking with a stranger you'd like to make part of your professional or personal future, search for one attractive, specific, and unique quality he or she has. At the end of the conversation, look the individual right in the eye. Say his or her name and proceed to curl all ten toes with the Killer Compliment.

  Rule #1: Deliver your Killer Compliment to the recipient in private. If you are standing with a group of four or five people and you praise one woman for being fit, every other woman feels like a barrel of lard. If you tell one man he has wonderful carriage, every other feels like a hunchback. You also make the blushing recipient uncomfortable.

  Rule #

  2: Make your Killer Compliment credible. For example, I&

  #x27;m tone-deaf. If I'm forced to sing even a simple song like "Happy Birthday," I sound like a sick pig. If anyone in earshot were foolish enough to tell me they liked my voice, I'd know it was hogwash.

  Rule #3: Confer only one Killer Compliment per half year on each recipient. Otherwise you come across as insincere, groveling, obsequious, pandering, and a thoroughly manipulative person. Not cool.

  With careful aim, the Killer Compliment captures everyone. It works best, however, when you use it judiciously on new acquaintances. If you want to praise friends every day, employ the next technique.

  TECHNIQUE #56 LITTLE STROKES

  Don't make your colleagues, your friends, your loved ones look at you and silently say, "Haven't I been pretty good today?" Let them know how much you appreciate them by caressing them with verbal Little Strokes like "Nice job!" "Well done!" "Cool!"

  TECHNIQUE #57 THE KNEE-JERK "WOW!"

  Quick as a blink, you must praise people the moment they finish a feat. In a wink, like a knee-jerk reaction say, "You were terrific!" Don't worry that they won't believe you. The euphoria of the moment has a strangely numbing effect on the achiever's objective judgment.

  We've talked a lot about giving compliments, both covert and overt. Now let's talk about a skill that, for many, is even harder— receiving them.

  TECHNIQUE #58 BOOMERANGING

  Just as a boomerang flies right back to the thrower, let compliments boomerang right back to the giver. Like the French, quickly murmur something that expresses "That's very kind of you.” (She says, "I like those shoes." You say, "Oh I'm so happy you told me. I just got them." He says, "You really did a good job on this project." You say, "Oh, that's so nice of you to tell me. I appreciate your positive feedback.” Your colleague asks, "How was your vacation in Hawaii?" You answer, "Oh, you remembered I went to Hawaii! It was great, thanks." Your boss asks, "Are you over your cold now?" You answer, "I appreciate your concern. I feel much better now.” )

  TECHNIQUE #59 THE TOMBSTONE GAME

  Ask the important people in your life what they would like engraved on their tombstone. Chisel it into your memory but don't mention it again. Then, when the moment is right to say "I appreciate you" or "I love you," fill the blanks with the very words they gave you weeks earlier. You take people's breath away when you feed their deepest self-image to them in a compliment. "At last," they say to themselves, "someone who loves me for who I truly am."

  HOW TO DIRECT DIAL THEIR HEARTS

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  HOW TO DIRECT DIAL THEIR HEARTS

  TECHNIQUE #60 TALKING GESTURES

  Think of yourself as the star of a personal radio drama every time you pick up the phone. If you want to come across as engaging as you are, you must turn your smiles into sound, your nods into noise, and all your gestures into something your listener can hear. You must replace your gestures with talk. Then punch up the whole act 30 percent!

  To make up for your missing eye contact, punctuate your phone conversations with "Uh huh" or "I hear you." So your listener knows you're nodding in approval, verbalize "I see," "Oh that's great," "No kidding," "Interesting," and "Tell me more!"

  She didn't see you hitting your head in surprise? Better say "What a surprise!" or "You don't say!"

  He just said something impressive and he can't see your look of admiration? Try "That was wise of you” or "You're no dummy!"

  Of course, you need a big verbal smile in your repertoire. Try "Oh, wow, that's funny!" Obviously you're going to choose phrases that match your personality and the situation. Just make sure your phone listeners hear your emotions.

  TECHNIQUE #61 NAME SHOWER

  People perk up when they hear their own name. Use it more often on the phone than you would in person to keep their attention. Your caller's name re-creates the eye contact, the caress, you might give in person. Saying someone's name repeatedly when face-to-face sounds pandering. But because there is physical distance between you on the phone— sometimes you're a continent apart— you can spray your conversation with it.

  TECHNIQUE #

  62 "OH WOW, IT&

  #x27;S YOU!"

  Don't answer the phone with an "I'm just sooo happy all the time" attitude. Answer warmly, crisply, and professionally. Then, after you hear who is calling, let a huge smile of happiness engulf your entire face and spill over into your voice. You make your caller feel as though your giant warm fuzzy smile is reserved for him or her. ("Oh, of course, you're so right," I cooed. "I'm so glad you called.” "Oh my goodness, I'm so glad you told me about that,""Oh, I'm so glad you reminded me of that bill,”)

  TECHNIQUE #64 SALUTE THE SPOUSE

  Whenever you are calling someone's home, always identify and greet the person who answers. Whenever you call someone's office more than once or twice, make friends with the secretary. Anybody who is close enough to answer the phone is close enough to sway the VIP's opinion of you.

  TECHNIQUE #65 WHAT COLOR IS YOUR TIME?

  No matter how urgent you think your call, always begin by asking the person about timing. Either use the What Color Is Your Time? device or simply ask, "Is this a convenient time for you to talk?" When you ask about timing first, you'll never smash your footprints right in the middle of your telephone partner's sands of time. You'll never get a "No!" just because your timing wasn't right. ("Hi, Joe, is this a good time to talk?" "Hello, Susan. Have you got a minute?" "Hi, Carl, did I catch you good or did I catch you bad?" "Sam, do you have a second for me to tell you about what happened at the game last Saturday?” )

  TECHNIQUE #67 YOUR TEN-SECOND AUDITION

  While dialing, clear your throat. If an answering machine picks up, pretend the beep is a big Broadway producer saying "Nexxxt." Now you're on. This is Your Ten-Second Audition to prove you are worthy of a quick callback. ("Hi, Harry, this is Andrew. I have the answer to that question you asked me last week." Or "Hi Diane, this is Betsy. I have some big news about that project we were discussing." Now Harry and Diane have a reason to call Andrew and Betsy back.)

  TECHNIQUE #68 THE HO-HUM CAPER

  Instead of using your party's name, casually let the pronoun he or she roll off your tongue. Forget "Uh, may I speak to Ms. Bigshot please?" Just announce, "Hi, Bob Smith here, is she in?" Tossing the familiar she off your tongue signals to the secretary that you and her boss are old buddies.

  TECHNIQUE #69 "I HEAR YOUR OTHER LINE"

  When you hear a phone in the background, stop speaking— in midsentence, if necessary— and say "I hear your other line," (or your dog barking, your baby crying, your spouse calling you). Ask whether she has to attend to it. Whether she does or not, she'll know you're a top communicator for asking.

  TECHNIQUE #70 INSTANT REPLAY

  Record all your business conversations and listen to them again. The second or third time, you pick up on significant subtleties you missed the first time. It's like football fans who often don't know if there was a fumble until they see it all over again in Instant Replay.

  Let us now return to your live, in-person show. We're going to talk not only about how to be a hit at a party, but how to smoothly hit on all the folks you want— just like a politician.

  HOW TO WORK A PARTY LIKE A POLITICIAN WORKS A ROOM

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  HOW TO WORK A PARTY LIKE A POLITICIAN WORKS A ROOM

  If corporate cats will be prowling the party, they pack a pocketful of business cards. If it's a gala where people are gadding about on the social ladder and they want to exude old-world elegance, they grab a handful of social cards containing only their name and possibly an address and phone number. (Some feel giving out a business card in a purely social setting can be gauche.) The most vital tool in their party pack is a small pad and pen to keep track of important contacts.

  Often people from one profession or one interest group will comprise most of the guest list. A politician never accepts any invitation without asking herself, "What kind of people will be at this party, and what will they be thinking about?" Perhaps there will be a drove of doctors. So she clicks on the latest medical headlines and rehearses a little doc-talk. If the guests are a nest of new-age voters, the politician gets up to speed on telepathic healing, Tantric toning, and trance dancing. Politicians can't afford to not be in the know.

  TECHNIQUE #71 MUNCHING OR MINGLING

  Politicians want to be eyeball to eyeball and belly to belly with their constituents. Like any big winner well versed in the science of proxemics and spatial relationships, they know any object except their belt buckle has the effect of a brick wall between two people. Therefore they never hold food or drink at a party. Come to munch or come to mingle. But do not expect to do both. Like a good politician, chow down before you come.

  TECHNIQUE #72 RUBBERNECK THE ROOM

  When you arrive at the gathering, stop dramatically in the doorway. Then s-l-o-w-l-y survey the situation. Let your eyes travel back and forth like a SWAT team ready in a heartbeat to wipe out anything that moves.

  TECHNIQUE #73 BE THE CHOOSER, NOT THE CHOOSEE

  The lifelong friend, the love of your life, or the business contact who will transform your future may not be at the party. However, someday, somewhere, he or she will be. Make every party a rehearsal for the big event. Do not stand around waiting for the moment when that special person approaches you. You make it happen by exploring every face in the room. No more "ships passing in the night." Capture whatever or whomever you want in your life.

  TECHNIQUE #74 COME-HITHER HANDS

  Be a human magnet, not a human repellent. When standing at a gathering, arrange your body in an open position— especially your arms and hands. People instinctively gravitate toward open palms and wrists seductively arranged in the "come hither" position. They shy away from knuckles in the "get lost or I'll punch you" position. Use your wrists and palms to say "I have nothing to hide," "I accept you and what you're saying," or "I find you sexy."

  TECHNIQUE #75 TRACKING

  Like an air-traffic controller, track the tiniest details of your conversation partners' lives. Refer to them in your conversation like a major news story. It creates a powerful sense of intimacy. When you invoke the last major or minor event in anyone's life, it confirms the deep conviction that he or she is an old-style hero around whom the world revolves. And people love you for recognizing their stardom.

  TECHNIQUE #76 THE BUSINESS CARD DOSSIER

  Right after you've talked to someone at a party, take out your pen. On the back of his or her business card write notes to remind you of the conversation: his favorite restaurant, sport, movie, or drink; whom she admires, where she grew up, a high school honor; or maybe a joke he told. In your next communication, toss off a reference to the favorite restaurant, sport, movie, drink, hometown, high school honor. Or reprieve the laugh over the great joke.

  That's all there is to it. You'll remember to eat before coming to the party (the Munching or Mingling technique) to leave your hands free for heavy networking. When you arrive, you'll stop in the doorway and Rubberneck the Room to get the lay of the land. While rubbernecking, you'll Be the Chooser, Not the Choosee and pick your prospects for the evening. When standing around, you will be relaxing and inviting with Come-Hither Hands.

  You haven't forgotten, of course, to use the meeting-people techniques from previous chapters. If you spot someone you want to talk to, check them out for a Whatzit you can comment on. Finding none, just ask the party giver, Whoozat? If the host or hostess is not in sight, simply stand near your target and resort to the Eavesdrop In technique.

  While chatting with anyone you've previously met, you will, of course, use Tracking to win their vote or heart and all the techniques in Part Two to ensure the conversation is interesting for your new acquaintance. Finally, you'll employ Eyeball Selling to make sure you're on target with every conversation. And don't forget, as you say "so long," to scribble material for your next contact on your Business Card Dossier.

  HOW TO BREAK THE MOST TREACHEROUS GLASS CEILING OF ALL

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  HOW TO BREAK THE MOST TREACHEROUS GLASS CEILING OF ALL

  TECHNIQUE #78 SEE NO BLOOPERS, HEAR NO BLOOPERS

  Cool communicators allow their friends, associates, acquaintances, and loved ones the pleasurable myth of being above commonplace bloopers and embarrassing biological functions. They simply don't notice their comrades' minor spills, slips, fumbles, and faux pas. They obviously ignore raspberries and all other signs of human frailty in their fellow mortals. Big winners never gape at another's gaffes.

  TECHNIQUE #79 LEND A HELPING TONGUE

  Whenever someone's story is aborted, let the interruption play itself out. Give everyone time to dote on the little darling, give their dinner order, or pick up the jagged pieces of china. Then, when the group reassembles, simply say to the person who suffered story-interruptus, "Now please get back to your story." Or better yet, remember where they were and then ask, "So what happened after the . . ." (and fill in the last few words).

  LTECHNIQUE #80 BARE THE BURIED WIIFM (AND WIIFY)

  Whenever you suggest a meeting or ask a favor, divulge the respective benefits. Reveal what's in it for you and what's in it for the other person— even if it's zip. If any hidden agenda comes up later, you get labeled a sly fox.

  TECHNIQUE #

  81 LET &

  #x27;EM SAVOR THE FAVOR

  Whenever a friend agrees to a favor, allow your generous buddy time to relish the joy of his or her beneficence before you make them pay the piper.

  TECHNIQUE #82 TIT FOR (WAIT . . . WAIT) TAT

  When you do someone a favor and it's obvious that "he owes you one," wait a suitable amount of time before asking him to "pay." Let him enjoy the fact (or fiction) that you did it out of friendship. Don't call in your tit for their tat too swiftly.

  TECHNIQUE #83 PARTIES ARE FOR PRATTER

  There are three sacred safe havens in the human jungle where even the toughest tiger knows he must not attack. The first of these is parties. Parties are for pleasantries and good fellowship, not for confrontations. Big players, even when standing next to their enemies at the buffet table, smile and nod. They leave tough talk for tougher settings.

  TECHNIQUE #

  84 DINNER&

  #x27;S FOR DINING

  The most guarded safe haven respected by big winners is the dining table. Breaking bread together is a time when they bring up no unpleasant matters. While eating, they know it's OK to brainstorm and discuss the positive side of the business: their dreams, their desires, their designs. They can free associate and come up with new ideas. But no tough business.

  TECHNIQUE #85 CHANCE ENCOUNTERS ARE FOR CHITCHAT

  If you're selling, negotiating, or in any sensitive communication with someone, do NOT capitalize on a chance meeting. Keep the melody of your mistaken meeting sweet and light. Otherwise, it could

  TECHNIQUE #86 EMPTY THEIR TANKS

  If you need information, let people have their entire say first. Wait patiently until their needle is on empty and the last drop drips out and splashes on the cement. It's the only way to be sure their tank is empty enough of their own inner noise to start receiving your ideas.

  TECHNIQUE #87 ECHO THE EMO Facts speak.

  Emotions shout. Whenever you need facts from people about an emotional situation, let them emote. Hear their facts but empathize like mad with their emotions. Smearing on the emo is often the only way to calm their emotional storm.

  TECHNIQUE #88 MY GOOF, YOUR GAIN

  Whenever you make a boner, make sure your victim benefits. It's not enough to correct your mistake. Ask yourself, "What could I do for this suffering soul so he or she will be delighted I made the flub?" Then do it, fast! In that way, your goof will become your gain.

  TECHNIQUE #89 LEAVE AN ESCAPE HATCH

  Whenever you catch someone lying, filching, exaggerating, distorting, or deceiving, don't confront the dirty duck directly. Unless it is your responsibility to catch or correct the culprit— or unless you are saving other innocent victims by doing so— let the transgressor out of your trap with his tricky puss in one piece. Then resolve never to gaze upon it again.

  TECHNIQUE #90 BUTTERCUPS FOR THEIR BOSS

  Do you have a store clerk, accountant, law firm junior partner, tailor, auto mechanic, maître d', massage therapist, kid's teacher— or any other worker you want special attention from in the future? The surefire way to make them care enough to give you their very best is send a buttercup to their boss.

  TECHNIQUE #91 LEAD THE LISTENERS

  No matter how prominent the big cat behind the podium is, crouched inside is a little scaredy-cat who is anxious about the crowd's acceptance. Big winners recognize you're a fellow big winner when they see you leading their listeners in a positive reaction. Be the first to applaud or publicly commend the man or woman you agree with (or want favors from).

  TECHNIQUE #92 THE GREAT SCORECARD IN THE SKY

  Any two people have an invisible scorecard hovering above their heads. The numbers continually fluctuate, but one rule remains: player with lower score pays deference to player with higher score. The penalty for not keeping your eye on The Great Scorecard in the Sky is to be thrown out of the game. Permanently.