近年全国重点大学自主招生数学试题全解及研究—北约卷 在线下载 pdf mobi 2025 epub 电子版

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• 作者：弹道导弹008 发布时间：2013-05-23 22:39:15

  清华考博词汇必备

• 作者：ReadKwan 发布时间：2024-02-13 15:27:41

  每天读一点，把政策和报告翻译成英语，还真专业啊

• 作者：猫头鹰森林 发布时间：2021-11-12 21:42:13

  色彩和线条模拟声音和节奏，很棒的创意！

• 作者：思想实验 发布时间：2017-05-08 12:22:54

  讲述有点皮的小男孩变小后和大雁家鹅等的迁徙冒险故事。激光切割页有5页，其他页数几乎仅用红、蓝两种色调却层次丰富，赞！

• 作者：Kei 发布时间：2022-01-14 21:50:13

  通篇文言，好在不算艰深。第一篇中国伦理学史，也可以说是中国历代思想演变史，讲得比较笼统。第二篇国人修身教科书，部分思想可能已经与当前不相符，但在那个时代还是先进的。第三篇国民修养散论，就很散。第四篇《石头记》索隐，可以说是“过度解读破坏文学性”的一个好例子。

• 作者：ss 发布时间：2015-08-13 07:17:50

  里面有的方法还是比较难想到的

• 对待书就像对待恋人

  作者：川东第一接应 发布时间：2019-07-13 01:07:56

  对于爱好图书且有着一定专业知识的朋友来说，每当捧回一本新书，脑海之中不禁会浮想出许许多多关于书本的问题。比如：书的版型该如何选择？开本该如何制定？内文版式该如何设计？页数该如何计算？什么样的纸张更适合表现图书内容？什么样的装订方式更便于阅读？印刷的原理究竟是什么？

  一般的读者往往是习惯于直接翻读书本吸收内容，却对“书的身体”兴趣不多，了解也甚少。但还是有不少的爱书人，包括像编辑、美术设计等专业人士对以上问题相当敏感。日本以“编辑狂”知名的松田哲夫便以“作为物件的书籍”为兴趣，发起了一趟旅程，进入印刷厂的各个现场参观考察并实践参与，当遇到了一些问题和困惑，还直接访问专业人士，配以内泽旬子的插图绘画，一起撰写出《恋上书：一本书是如何做出来的》，以轻松幽默的方式向普通读者讲解了关于书籍印刷制作的种种奥秘。

  既然是讲书籍制作过程的图书，那么其本身的装桢设计一定也应该是独具匠心的，不然就是一个活生生的讽刺了。而这本书选择了32开的开本大小，封面软精装，内页使用蒙肯纸。这样就在一定程度之上减轻了书的重量，特别的轻巧。同时，这样做也增加了内页的手感，抚摸起来特别舒服。只是蒙肯纸较为粗糙的表面使得书中数十幅的插图印刷效果不是特别的理想，但也无伤大雅，总体来看，是值得称道的。

  本书的第一章就教读者拆书，从字面上也不难理解，就是去拆散一本书。只有拆了书，经历这样一种过程和结果，才能切身体会到书籍的组成部分。不过，拆书也是一门大学问，需要心灵手巧，稍微不注意便容易把书拆得“血肉模糊”。记得时常有同学找我借一张笔记本的纸，因此得撕开，但我长期会把本子撕烂，拆书也是一种差不多的历程，必须得时刻保持小心翼翼的态度。

  由最初的拆书开始，松田哲夫一步一步展示做书的过程，随后到做假书样、切纸、装帧、油印……尤其当边阅读他的文字边配合着书内插画师内泽旬子的细致描绘，在进行阅读的过程时，仿佛也成了一次对书籍本身的敬礼。阅读《恋上书》不仅仅知道了书的制作，更体现一个人对一件物件的尊重可以到达怎么的一个程度。作者说：“这是一趟书籍世界的奥德赛之旅。”我们正是需要具备一种匠人精神，哪怕是一个多么细小的物件，都应该发挥全力将其做到极致。多年以后，你一定无法回避自己当年的某件作品，若留下什么非受迫性缺陷，该是一个多么大的遗憾啊。

  尽管这本书面向的受众群很大，专业性还有待提高。不过对大部分人来说已经足够，作者的叙事表达方式与结构，都会帮助我们对书籍装订、文字印刷、纸张制造、油墨冶炼等等产生一定程度上的理解，拓宽我们的视野。

  （此篇为个人大学本科时期书评）

• 【《临床试验简史》书摘 & 中译英】开始的结束：临床试验工业革命（The End of Beginning: an Industrial Revolution of Clinical Trials 3.0）

  作者：南国椰风 发布时间：2022-05-22 18:15:48

  非常喜欢这本小书对医药临床试验娓娓道来的介绍，手痒翻译了下最后三页的部分，供大家一笑。翻译顺序是中文原文在上，本人的英文译文在下，阅读时敬请留意。

  工业化临床试验的操作模式是以研究机构为中心，研究机构扮演了试验的实施地和中转站角色。医生在研究机构招募和管理受试者，患者在研究机构接受治疗和随访。以这种模式开展多中心临床试验，涉及各研究机构的协调与管理，成本很高、效率很低。临床试验工业革命1.0和2.0，都是在不改变这种模式的基础上，利用社会分工精细化裂变出来的专业化组织和职业以及现代信息技术手段提供的产品，提高临床试验的效率和质量，降低临床试验的人力成本和物质成本。在这种固定模式里，作为受试者的患者，实质上是处于被动参与者的边缘地位。

  The operating mode of industrialized clinical trials is centered on research institutions, where trials are conducted and transferred. In the institutions, doctors recruit and manage subjects, while patients receive medical treatments and follow-ups. Carrying out multi-center clinical trials in this mode involves coordination and management of various research institutions, with high costs and low efficiency. Both 1.0 and 2.0 version industrial revolution of clinical trials were still based on this mode. They were aided by professional organizations from refined division of social labor and products offered by modern information technology. As a result, the revolutions just improved efficiency and qualities of clinical trials, lowered related human resource and material costs. However, patients as subjects are de facto passive participants, a marginalized position in this fixed mode.

  随着人们对健康要求的提高，以及大量医学新技术的涌现，临床试验逐渐成为满足人们健康需求的机会，而不是威胁。因此，人们对临床试验的关注焦点，从过去的保护受试者权益不受到侵害发展到现在的保障自己参加临床试验的权利不被剥夺。人类不再接受扮演一个被动参加临床试验的受试者角色，更倾向成为一个临床试验的发起者、设计者、组织者和管理者。因此，以患者为中心的临床试验模式开始兴起。

  With the increase of people's healthcare demands and booming of new medical technologies, clinical trials have gradually become opportunities meeting people's demands rather than threats. Therefore, people's focus on clinical trials has shifted from protecting subjects' rights and interests from infringement to reassuring unalienable chances to participate in such trials. Humans no longer accept playing the role of complete passive participants. Instead, they prefer to be the ones who initiate, design, organize and manage clinical trials. In this way, a patient-centered clinical trial mode began to emerge.

  以患者为中心，首先需要持续努力地让患者参加临床试验更加便捷。随着移动互联网技术发展，一种临床试验新模式开始出现，即跨越研究机构，由制药企业直接面向受试者的试验模式。这种新模式是基于手机APP或者可穿戴设备，以受试者为单位，直接收集数据，从而打破以研究机构为中心的固有模式。这一模式给患者带来很大的便利，有助于提高患者的依从性。这种基于移动端直接收集数据的临床试验，也可以是基于大数据的真实世界研究的一种。

  First of all, "patient-centered" means continuous efforts facilitating patients to participate in clinical trials. With the development of mobile Internet technologies, a new trial mode has been formed. In this mode, pharmaceutical companies design and carry out trials with subjects directly without research institutions. Taking each subject as a unit, this new mode collects data directly from patients based on smartphone apps or wearables, being a breakthrough from inherent mode centered on research institutions. It brings great convenience to patients, improving their compliance. And this type of clinical trials, based on direct data collected from mobile device, can be a living case of real-world study (RWS) on big data.

  比如，

  美国的Science37公司

  设计了

  一款称为NORA的APP平台

  。患者通过自己的智能手机或者平板电脑登录NORA后就可加入临床试验，并且和研究者医生进行交流。Science37会将研究药物运到患者家中，并帮助派遣护士或者医生到患者家中完成必要监测。同时，NORA将患者的数据安全地汇总到一个虚拟中心进行存储和分析处理。

  For example, Science37, a United States company, has designed a mobile App platform called NORA. Patients can join clinical trials simply by logging in NORA from their smartphones or tablets and communicate with investigating doctors. Science37 will deliver investigational drugs to the patients' homes, assigning doctors or nurses for necessary monitoring. At the same time, NORA collects and aggregates patient data into a virtual center for storage, analysis and processing uses.

  以患者为中心，不只是在临床试验数据收集的操作层面上的变革，还包括临床试验设计层面的理念转变。比如将患者更关注的效果指标如生命质量等纳入临床试验评价终点，而非仅仅关注注册所需的效能指标如生存期等。为此，需要在研究设计阶段，将患者纳入设计团队中来，听取并吸纳他们的关切。更进一步地说，现在更有特定患者自发地组成非政府组织，比如“罕见病患者组织”，主动寻找、发起和参与到适合特定患者人群的临床研究中去。

  Moreover, "patient-centered" not only covers operating level innovations of collecting clinical trial data, but also conceptual changes on the designing level of clinical trials. For instance, efficiency indicators concerning life quality shall be included into trial evaluation endpoints, rather than mere efficacy indicators like survival periods required for registration. For this reason, it is necessary to include patients into the design team, with their concerns listened and addressed. Further, there are specific patients establishing non-government organizations like "rare disease patient organization", who actively seek, initiate and join clinical trials suitable for specific patient populations.

  以患者为中心，更是在整个临床试验各环节，包括临床试验的发起、设计、知情同意、治疗、随访、评价等全流程实现向“以患者为中心”转变，最终达到“增强受试者对临床试验的主动参与和自我管理能力”的目的，重构整个临床试验的面貌，推动临床试验发展到“以患者为中心”的新时代。

  Finally, "patient-centered" means a full transformation across every step of a clinical trial, including initiation, designs, informed consents, treatments, follow-ups and evaluation. It would achieve the objective of "enhancing subjects' active participation and self-management capabilities in clinical trials", reshaping clinical trials inside out, and push the overall development to a new era of "patient-centeredness".

  工业化临床试验的行业生态圈包括CRO、SMO、各种临床试验相关产品及服务供应商等组织。在这个生态圈里，阶层式的传统组织是基本单元，绝大多数从业人员都是在这样的组织内部从业，积累职业经验；同时也频繁地跨越组织去寻求职业发展。总之，从业人员的职业生涯基本上离不开组织。随着临床试验技术的移动化、大数据化和智能化，以及临床试验向以患者为中心的模式转变，临床试验行业的组织模式也将发生相应变化，呈现出“去中心化”的趋势。

  The ecosystem of industrialized clinical trials comprises clinical research organizations (CRO), site management organizations (SMO), and various trial-related products or services providers. In this ecosystem, traditional hierarchical organizations are the fundamental units, where most practitioners work inside and accumulate professional experience; they also frequently jump between the organizations to seek career developments. Anyway, their careers cannot be separated from organizations. However, with the mobilizations, big data, intelligence of clinical trial technologies, plus the ongoing "patient-centered" transformation, the organization model within clinical trial industry will evolve accordingly, showing a trend of "decentralization".

  因为临床试验操作的移动化和智能化，从业者可以不再依赖组织提供的条件，能够实现更多的远程办公，从而导致临床试验工作模式的改变。同时，在以患者为中心的临床试验理念下，也逐渐减少了对研究机构的依赖。在这样的背景下，临床试验行业的职业生态将发生变化。CRA职业的职能可能逐渐向临床试验流程的上游发展，与数据治理或者项目管理融合；而贴近受试者终端的CRC职业则可能在未来成为这个行业的主流从业人群，特别是面对未来的纵向和横向连接所有患者的真实世界大数据研究的洪流。

  Thanks to mobilized and intelligent clinical trial operations, practitioners may no longer rely on what organizations offered. They are capable of more remote working, which leads to changes of clinical trial working modes. Also clinical trials are less dependent on research institutions under the "patient-centered" concept. In this context, the professional outlook of clinical trials industry will change. Functions of clinical research associates (CRA) may develop upstream to the clinical trial process, integrating with data governance or project management. The profession of clinical research coordinators (CRC) close to the side of subjects may be the mainstream practitioner population. In particular, they would be facing the flood of real-world big data connecting all patients horizontally and vertically in the future.

  更根本的问题在于，移动互联网时代实际上让人类走上了一条“去中心化”的不归路，而这种“去中心化”的指向符合人类解放人性的终极心理需求。因此，在临床试验的工业化时代建立起来的组织结构和行业生态圈也面临解构。原有的阶层式组织形态将向平台型组织变化，从业人群从组织内部的雇佣劳动者变成平台上的创业者或者自由职业者，“打工”二字可能成为历史。当然了，这还有赖于行业的进一步规范化和专业化。

  The more essential problem is, the era of mobile internet has led humans to a road of no return called "decentralization", which meets people's ultimate psychological demand of liberating humanity. In this way, organizational structures and industry ecosystems of clinical trials established during industrial time would face decomposition. The original hierarchical organizations form will change into platform structures. And practitioners, previously employed labors within organizations, would become entrepreneurs or freelancers on the platforms. The word "employment" may be history. Indeed, these changes rely on the whole industry to be further regulated and professionalized.

  总之，以大数据和智能化技术为中心，临床试验模式向“以患者为中心”转变，临床试验行业的组织“去中心化”、平台化，是临床试验工业革命 3.0 的特征。

  In conclusion, the focus on big data and intelligence technologies, the transformation towards "patient-centeredness", the decentralization and platform-evolving of clinical trial organizations, these are the symbols of industrial revolution of clinical trials 3.0.

  这一切，才刚刚开始。

  Everything is just beginning.

  第二次世界大战的阿拉曼战役是北非战场的转折点，以英国为首的盟军大胜。1942年11月10日，在伦敦市政厅里，在阿拉曼战役庆祝午宴上，英国首相丘吉尔发表了名为“The End of the Beginning”的著名演讲："Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning."

  During World War II, El Alamein Campaign was the turning point in the battle field of North Africa, a triumph to allied forces led by Britain. On the celebration luncheon of Nov. 10th, 1942, the United Kingdom prime minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous speech titled "The End of the Beginning" in London City Hall. "Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning."

  “这不是结束，甚至不是结束阶段的开始，而仅仅是开姶阶段的结束”，以此作为本书的结束。

  "Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning." It is also the end of this book.