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• 作者：超级牛肉面 发布时间：2021-10-10 20:17:04

  极为优秀的科普，但有点门槛。

• 作者：沐浴经年 发布时间：2019-11-24 10:17:46

  朱一新，字蓉生，号鼎甫，浙江义乌人，晚清学者。任广州广雅书院山长时曾与康有为论学辩难。书中“国朝学案小识书后”批评戴震《孟子字义疏证》“误以人欲为天理，宗旨一差，全书皆谬。”

• 作者：福尔摩思 发布时间：2013-02-03 13:37:24

  情人相互取悦，夫妻相互取笑。

• 作者：陸鰅痷 发布时间：2020-02-14 13:12:21

  好像看了一部学术版的《无耻家庭》

• 作者：你来人间一趟 发布时间：2018-12-14 06:03:12

  而这本就不是写给人看的书。

• 作者：四月武器 发布时间：2023-09-20 06:34:59

  感情线过于简单了，这姑娘跟花瓶的区别在于会主动钻人被窝吗？

• 树精·狐狸·死亡

  作者：ｅｍｏｌａ 发布时间：2013-04-04 22:06:04

  “这是发生在日本明治时代的事。落魄文人绵贯征四郎为了能专心写作，接受亡友父亲的委托，住进亡友的老家，照顾起这栋老房子跟生意盎然的日式庭院——却发现身边尽是不可思议的妖异存在……

  亡友高堂每每在雨天划着小舟从挂轴中冒出来，闲聊之后又回到画中消失无踪；

  百日红的枝干在夜半风雨中不时敲打窗板，却是因为爱上了绵贯；

  雨后从池塘里捞起了黏糊糊的暗绿色物体，竟是邻家太太口中难得的生财宝物？

  爱犬五郎护送迷路的河童回家，却因而传出佳话，难道要帮五郎与河童办喜事？

  上山找和尚好友下棋，却迷了路；到底是狸猫、狐狸，还是竹子花在作弄他？

  河童、人鱼、龙神等传说中的精怪，以及花草树木的精灵，不时现身作弄不解风情的绵贯；但街坊邻居却仿佛习以为常似地淡然处之，令绵贯开始怀疑是不是自己过于大惊小怪……

  二十八篇以花草为名的手札中，一个个趣致的小故事，串起了绵贯恬澹美好而余韵十足的一年。”

  看完上面这段摘要，我就想这书是无论如何也要读下去的。画中驾舟而来的友人、深陷恋情的树精，若是弃置此等美好的风物于不顾，岂不是太不解风情。

  继续翻下去，书中的人情与事物都甚是风雅——引水流觞的池塘与扎根四周的花木、远山司棋的僧侣与行至此处的商人、小楼一夜听雨与初霁的天空，甚至是画轴中的芦苇与白鹭，无一不是前人吟咏过无数诗篇的对象；仿佛古诗词之神倾倒了他的宝盒，那些传统文人真爱不已的物件，一件不落地铺洒在这一方昔人已去的流水庭院。

  然而，若只是意象的堆砌，这种美感恐怕是难以吞咽的。所幸的是《家》在结构上小巧圆润，故事和人物也恬淡宜人，有如精致的和式甜点：

  全书以花草为引分成二十八章讲述，每章篇幅之短小，可想而知。不伦你是忘都草、还是白木兰，谁都不许过分可爱。

  每章情节之间虽有关联却不紧促，整体的背景和人物也相当简单。

  倒是故事的架构还算精巧，角色情态也颇费心思；个中趣味请诸君一定移步书中细细品味。

  读书期间知晓梨木香步是童话作家出身，不禁思考起本书如何区别于儿童文学。

  花木的集会、远古的生物，我似乎也曾在童话中读到类似景象。可即是相同的意象，《家》的笔触的确比童话少了甜腻和亲切，多了几份成熟和稳重。

  而且《家》中的确包含了不会存在于孩童身上的情感——对鸿途未展的无奈，对已逝友人的怀念等等。这些多多少少地增加了成人的味道。

  除此之外，本书的开头就谈及了好友的死亡，笔触淡然并坦荡。与之相对，死亡恐怕是儿童文学中最永恒且最讳莫如深的主题了。童话作家安房直子在她的《白鹦鹉的森林》描画了一片不思议的白色森林，把亲人的死亡掩藏在这密林深处，但以白鹦鹉的错落顿飞，暗指生命的来去。

  梨木香步与安房直子，两位同为写书人和童话作家，都有着独到的审美情趣；虽然上文中我将二人相及并论，她们的文字触感却是各具特色的。忆起年少时候因为安房直子落入日本文学的大坑，我不禁猜想那时读到的若是梨木香步，多半会是全然不同的一番光景吧（笑）

  以上。

• A short summery of Frege's thought

  作者：本意是好的 发布时间：2022-10-05 10:07:51

  This short summery is concerned with his book The Foundations of Arithmetic , his papers Sense and Reference and Function and Concept,and his work Basic Laws

  of Arithmetic.These books explains his thoughts on Arithmetic and epistemology(e.g. the distinguish of sense and reference ) Therefore,we shall begin with Frege’s idea of

  number. For the question “what is the number”,there are many arguments before Frege’s

  work. John Mill asserts that the number is something observed (For he is a empiricist

  and he refuses knowledge that does not come from experience).For Mill, the truths of

  arithmetic constitute observable laws of nature and Frege found that it is groundless

  for he can not explain number “0”. I.Kant thinks that arithmetic is based on synthetic

  a priori judgement and when we get to know 2+3=5,we know it by a priori intuition. But Frege argues that Kant can not tell us that how to get intuition of the sum of very

  large number,such as 10000^10000 and how to judge which number need to

  prove(Frege only refuse to accept Kant’s definition of arithmetic but accept Kant’s

  view of Geometry). Leibniz also provides an answer to the question. However,Frege

  argued that Leibniz’s construction of number lacks a key step(that

  is2+2=2+(1+1)=(2+1)+1=3+1=4 ) [Hankel’s answer is close to this,but he can not

  explain sum,which is based on itself.]. He also argue against the idea of Newton, Cantor,Lipschwitz and many others in The Foundations of Arithmetic. In addition, it

  is important to introduce Frege’s principle of his work. He proposed 3 principles to of

  his research,which exactly summerize his idea and what his work do is to imply from

  his principles or justify his principles, which is the center of Frege’s system(in my

  opinion) :

  A. Always to separate sharply the psychological from logical,the subjective form

  from objective form.(it concerned with a strong realism)

  B. Never to ask a meaning of a word in isolation,but only in the context of

  proposition. C. Never to lose sight of distinction between concept and object. Frege raises an idea that the knowledge of Arithmetic is analytic rather than

  synthetic and it seems that numbers have an objective ground and independent from

  our mind .He needs to give a exact definition of number. He discusses unity and he

  clarifies this concept. After that, he discussed the concept of number in part III. He

  tries to develop his theory of number from Hume principle: numbers need to be

  defined by equivalence,which is to say that two sets are viewed as having the same

  number iff there exists a one-to-one correspondence between them. First, he defines

  number by “the number which belongs to concept F is the same as the number which

  belongs to concept G”,but it rises a problem(The definition can not distinguish Julius

  Caesar and number 2).Then,he raises a more specified definition of the number(by

  concept of a//b), which is the extension o fthe concept “equal to the concept F” is

  identical with the extension of the concept “equal to the concept G”.The idea of

  defining the number is heuristic(there is a question.It seems that Frege did distinguish Cardinal numbers and Ordinal numbers, is that true?). B.Russell define

  number in his book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy as that “The number of

  a class is the class of all those classes that are similar to it”, which is close to Frege’s

  definition. (it is just like Frege’s Basic Law V:The course-of-values of the concept f is

  identical to the course-of-values of the concept g if and only if f and g agree on the

  value of every argument)Frege then introduce relation ψ to articulate it further. After that, he define the infinite number raised by G.Cantor and complex number by

  his definition. What his most strong conclusion of infinite number is that Aleph, constituted by G.Cantor,and complex number is as real as natural number such as 3. It

  is strong support of the realism of Mathematical Philosophy. And it justified the

  reason why infinite number can be used legally. Frege insisted that the concept of

  mathematics must have an object rather than just being without contradiction, which

  one of his main difference with David Hilbert. For more works, Frege analyzes indicative sentences and distinguished its

  sense and reference in Sense and Reference and introduces the new concept of logic in

  Function and Conception and Basic Laws of Arithmetic. First, in his Sense and

  Reference, he noticed that if a subordination only expresses a part of thought, it do not

  refer to truth value and if a subordination is consisted by one thought and a part of

  another thought, then it has a truth value and the other reference(that is why

  sometimes we can not simply replace the word just for they have the same truth value.)

  and a=b and a=a may have the same reference but they have different sense. After

  reading this article, I think he developed his principle B(mentioned above)in the

  article. For Frege consider sense and reference in the context of proposition rather

  than just consider the concept. Second, I think Function and Conception and Basic

  Laws of Arithmetic follows his principle C. By distinguishing the concept and object, Frege clarified the difference of function and number and give the function a

  distinctive definition. Besides,he introduces the modern signs of logic in these two

  articles(although many of them’s shape changed, but the uses of them still remains). He then successfully determined the course of value and by the way he answers the

  question of one of the whether one of the truth-values can perhaps be a

  course-values(he mentioned this question in Function and Conception but he specify

  it in Basic Laws of Arithmetic). these two passage seems to be a continued attempt to

  construct an arithmetic system after define the number in The Foundations of

  Arithmetic and may be viewed as a development of his system.