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• 作者：帕特洛克罗斯 发布时间：2019-10-04 21:10:44

  仅可作为饭后读物，虽然小知识很多。另外，三部重复的地方实在是没必要。

• 作者：香水瓶 发布时间：2009-03-08 19:03:39

  可观 looker 那么睿智的女孩也有很多人爱 她其实很美的

• 作者：周披萨 发布时间：2023-09-10 18:05:27

  比较教科书式，信息量作用不大

• 作者：小饼干 发布时间：2024-04-18 18:09:21

  看了《为什么一定要上学》，《为什么不能拿别人东西》，《为什么不能乱发脾气》，一般般，带点说教的口吻

• 作者：清藤 发布时间：2019-02-19 15:42:44

  自从去年第一次接触意象对话，就被它迷住了。“它是本土的心理学”，初听，不以为然；接触了半年，相信了。

  对意象对话感兴趣的人，这是一本值得读的书，可了解意象对话都做些什么，对系统也可有所了解；看他人的成长与发展，会有共鸣与启发。

• 作者：肥多肉 发布时间：2020-05-06 17:25:41

  披着科幻的皮，讲的却还是中世纪封建包办婚姻的故事，实在有点幼稚。还是噬元兽小猫看着更好玩儿一些。

• 《秦始皇：大秦帝国启示录》：谜一样的秦始皇

  作者：不知名的顾影子 发布时间：2021-01-15 22:22:48

  “以古为鉴，可知兴替；以人为鉴，可明得失。”——魏征

  这句话用在秦朝以及秦始皇身上，很是恰当。

  公元前221年，秦王嬴政陆续灭掉“齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏”六国，实现了统一天下的大业，建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权制国家——秦朝，并成为历史上第一个自称“皇帝”的人，也被后世人称为“秦始皇”。

  如此看来，秦始皇可以称得上是一位居功甚伟的成功的伟人。站在后世人的角度看，在某些方面，秦始皇确实是成功的，也是居功甚伟的。

  首先是天下的统一。秦始皇灭六国一统天下，让老百姓都成为同一个国家的人，更重要的是将“中国是一个整体”这种观念深植人心并世代延续，光这一点，就功不可没。

  紧接着是文字的统一。战国时期，各个国家有各个国家的文字，国与国之间交流起来极为不便。统一天下后，秦始皇推行了秦国小篆为统一通用文字，方便了人与人之间的交流。

  然后是货币和度量衡。秦统一六国之后，废除了六国的货币，发行了圆形方孔的秦半两钱，结束了货币形状重量杂乱的状态，实现了货币的统一。并统一了长度、容积和重量的测量标准和测量用具，给人们的日常生活带来了方便。

  秦始皇所做的成就其实还有很多，但是与成就相比，秦始皇所犯的错误，或者说失败也不容忽视。这一点从秦朝的短命就能够看出来，从公元前221年秦朝建立，到公元前206年子婴归降刘邦，秦王朝只存在了十五年时间。

  是什么原因让一个一统天下的王朝只维系了短短十五年的时间呢？陈舜臣老师在《秦始皇：大秦帝国启示录》中给了我们答案。

  

  “民怨沸腾”。

  那又是什么原因导致了这种状况的发生呢？

  在战国时期，秦国就重视法家思想，注重刑罚。到了秦始皇时期，更是将这种思想推行到了极致。

  法家思想，是战国时期诸子百家中以“法制治国”为核心思想的重要学派。法家思想重视律法，并提出了一套完整的方法理论。这为后来的古代封建社会王朝提供了有效的集权及法律体制，成为了中国古代封建社会的政治与法制主体。 法家思想作为一种主要思想流派，他们提出的以法治国的主张和观念一直被沿用至今。 法家思想对于一个国家的政治、文化、道德方面的约束还是很强的，对现代法制的影响也很深远，当代中国法律的诞生从某种角度来说就是受到法家思想的影响。

  回到秦朝本身，原本“依法治国”是一件好事，正所谓“没有规矩，不成方圆”，为了防止恶的滋生使人向善，运用一些法律手段来约束百姓的言行是正常的。但秦朝在还没统一六国开始，就已经将“重刑之法”施行到了极致。“连坐制、极权主义、重刑主义”让人与人之间变得不敢亲近。而秦始皇登基之后，在此基础上更是变本加厉的推行“重刑之法”，“焚书坑儒”，大量征用囚犯修长城、建皇陵、造宫殿，致使“民怨沸腾”，且后来的秦始皇极度迷信，这都成为了后来秦王朝覆灭的隐患。

  

  所以，秦王朝与秦始皇的覆灭，成为了后来每个王朝的帝王提醒自己不要重蹈覆辙的反面教材。

  陈舜臣老师的《秦始皇：大秦帝国启示录》，分别从“功”和“过”两个角度，从秦始皇这个人为出发点，来展现那个时代的真实情况，再通过那个时代的真容，刻画出秦始皇的整体形象。

• A short summery of Frege's thought

  作者：本意是好的 发布时间：2022-10-05 10:07:51

  This short summery is concerned with his book The Foundations of Arithmetic , his papers Sense and Reference and Function and Concept,and his work Basic Laws

  of Arithmetic.These books explains his thoughts on Arithmetic and epistemology(e.g. the distinguish of sense and reference ) Therefore,we shall begin with Frege’s idea of

  number. For the question “what is the number”,there are many arguments before Frege’s

  work. John Mill asserts that the number is something observed (For he is a empiricist

  and he refuses knowledge that does not come from experience).For Mill, the truths of

  arithmetic constitute observable laws of nature and Frege found that it is groundless

  for he can not explain number “0”. I.Kant thinks that arithmetic is based on synthetic

  a priori judgement and when we get to know 2+3=5,we know it by a priori intuition. But Frege argues that Kant can not tell us that how to get intuition of the sum of very

  large number,such as 10000^10000 and how to judge which number need to

  prove(Frege only refuse to accept Kant’s definition of arithmetic but accept Kant’s

  view of Geometry). Leibniz also provides an answer to the question. However,Frege

  argued that Leibniz’s construction of number lacks a key step(that

  is2+2=2+(1+1)=(2+1)+1=3+1=4 ) [Hankel’s answer is close to this,but he can not

  explain sum,which is based on itself.]. He also argue against the idea of Newton, Cantor,Lipschwitz and many others in The Foundations of Arithmetic. In addition, it

  is important to introduce Frege’s principle of his work. He proposed 3 principles to of

  his research,which exactly summerize his idea and what his work do is to imply from

  his principles or justify his principles, which is the center of Frege’s system(in my

  opinion) :

  A. Always to separate sharply the psychological from logical,the subjective form

  from objective form.(it concerned with a strong realism)

  B. Never to ask a meaning of a word in isolation,but only in the context of

  proposition. C. Never to lose sight of distinction between concept and object. Frege raises an idea that the knowledge of Arithmetic is analytic rather than

  synthetic and it seems that numbers have an objective ground and independent from

  our mind .He needs to give a exact definition of number. He discusses unity and he

  clarifies this concept. After that, he discussed the concept of number in part III. He

  tries to develop his theory of number from Hume principle: numbers need to be

  defined by equivalence,which is to say that two sets are viewed as having the same

  number iff there exists a one-to-one correspondence between them. First, he defines

  number by “the number which belongs to concept F is the same as the number which

  belongs to concept G”,but it rises a problem(The definition can not distinguish Julius

  Caesar and number 2).Then,he raises a more specified definition of the number(by

  concept of a//b), which is the extension o fthe concept “equal to the concept F” is

  identical with the extension of the concept “equal to the concept G”.The idea of

  defining the number is heuristic(there is a question.It seems that Frege did distinguish Cardinal numbers and Ordinal numbers, is that true?). B.Russell define

  number in his book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy as that “The number of

  a class is the class of all those classes that are similar to it”, which is close to Frege’s

  definition. (it is just like Frege’s Basic Law V:The course-of-values of the concept f is

  identical to the course-of-values of the concept g if and only if f and g agree on the

  value of every argument)Frege then introduce relation ψ to articulate it further. After that, he define the infinite number raised by G.Cantor and complex number by

  his definition. What his most strong conclusion of infinite number is that Aleph, constituted by G.Cantor,and complex number is as real as natural number such as 3. It

  is strong support of the realism of Mathematical Philosophy. And it justified the

  reason why infinite number can be used legally. Frege insisted that the concept of

  mathematics must have an object rather than just being without contradiction, which

  one of his main difference with David Hilbert. For more works, Frege analyzes indicative sentences and distinguished its

  sense and reference in Sense and Reference and introduces the new concept of logic in

  Function and Conception and Basic Laws of Arithmetic. First, in his Sense and

  Reference, he noticed that if a subordination only expresses a part of thought, it do not

  refer to truth value and if a subordination is consisted by one thought and a part of

  another thought, then it has a truth value and the other reference(that is why

  sometimes we can not simply replace the word just for they have the same truth value.)

  and a=b and a=a may have the same reference but they have different sense. After

  reading this article, I think he developed his principle B(mentioned above)in the

  article. For Frege consider sense and reference in the context of proposition rather

  than just consider the concept. Second, I think Function and Conception and Basic

  Laws of Arithmetic follows his principle C. By distinguishing the concept and object, Frege clarified the difference of function and number and give the function a

  distinctive definition. Besides,he introduces the modern signs of logic in these two

  articles(although many of them’s shape changed, but the uses of them still remains). He then successfully determined the course of value and by the way he answers the

  question of one of the whether one of the truth-values can perhaps be a

  course-values(he mentioned this question in Function and Conception but he specify

  it in Basic Laws of Arithmetic). these two passage seems to be a continued attempt to

  construct an arithmetic system after define the number in The Foundations of

  Arithmetic and may be viewed as a development of his system.