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• 作者：无古无今 发布时间：2018-11-28 21:40:25

  演示部分图片太少

• 作者：按时 发布时间：2008-08-21 17:51:31

  三颗星都给里面的餐厅设计~

• 作者：颍原真吾 发布时间：2017-01-24 17:39:42

  从1989年下半年开始，东欧各国风云突变。在一年之内，执政四十多年的各国党，纷纷丧失政权。由于各国执政党的改变，社会制度也随之发生了变化。东欧剧变以后，南斯拉夫一分为五；捷克斯洛伐克一分为二；民主德国与联邦德国合并，实现了统一。

• 作者：小昭 发布时间：2021-06-22 20:41:37

  购于2018.1

• 作者：骑驴游世界 发布时间：2022-04-22 21:37:03

  今天是地球日，拿出来又读了一遍。大部分都是美国的国家公园，而作为上帝遗落的角落，对加勒比海诸国的介绍居然一点都没有。另外发现把古巴科科岛的位置标记到哥斯达黎加外海的科科岛去了。

• 作者：叶墨 发布时间：2021-05-04 20:51:01

  图倒是很清晰，但是浓浓的花朵，排版毫无美感

• set human nature free

  作者：粉核桃 发布时间：2011-08-17 22:45:39

  The Scarlet Letter is the masterpiece of the well known romantic novelist, Nathaniel Hawthorne. In this book, by describing the tragic loving story between Hester Prynne and Mr.Dimmesdale the writer tried to dig out the human nature in American Puritan society in the 17th century when people were required to behave like God in every aspect of their life. Thus, characters in The Scarlet Letter are all “type” characters, rather than realistically presented human, which are created to reflect different sides of human nature. Among them, the characteristics of the heroine Hester and the hero Mr.Dimmesdale are most impressing and convincing.

  What is human nature? It is said that human is a combination of God and devil, which means that goodness and self-discipline are forever co-existing with evil and self-indulgence deep in human’s soul. If one side of the human nature is unduly suppressed by society, the other side lurking in one’s heart will gather its power, waiting for a chance to break loose. In the book The Scarlet Letter, every person led a kind of solemn and saintly life as the puritan society and religion required. However, no matter how hard they tried to control themselves, their “sin” could still slip away. If they could accept their whole nature and set it free, they could gain a better understanding of the true meaning of life and survive. If they failed, they would be tortured severely even to death. Hester Prynne and her lover Mr.Dimmesdale respectively represented these two types of people. They yield to their desires and committed the adultery which was considered sinful at that time together, but later had different attitudes toward this event and led their life totally differently.

  The heroine, Hester Prynne, had paid a lot for the adultery because what she had done was openly acknowledged by the public who held the idea firmly that adultery was forbidden by God. She was sent to prison after she got pregnant, and was punished to wear the scarlet letter “A” on the breast of her gown. She had to live lonely with her daughter for seven years in the countryside and suffer the contempt and condemnation of people in the town. However, Hester knew that her passions, and her love, were stronger than her respect for the moral code. As she says in Chapter 17, “What we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said so to each other!” so although she did fully acknowledge her guilt, she just boldly displayed it to the world. She was trying to hide nothing, for she embroidered the letter “A” elaborately with “fantastic flourishes of gold thread” and wore it long after she could remove it. She had her own dignity, though people in the town looked down upon her, even on the scaffold when she was faced with the humiliation: “she was lady-like, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of these days; characterized by a certain state and dignity, rather than by the delicate evanescent, and indescribable grace, which is now recognized as its indication.” It is her pride and dignity which sustained her, from that opening scene until she died, still wearing the scarlet A.

  Hester Prynne showed her true feelings to everyone in the town. To Mr.Dimmesdale, she poured her unstinting love and passion. In order to protect her lover, she would rather bear the punishment of wearing the scarlet letter and raise little Pearl on her own than disclose the name of Mr.Dimmesdale to the public. Due to her strong love she chose to stay in the town where Mr.Dimmesdale stayed, and even after he died, she still decided to return to the cottage she had lived and took up her shame—the scarlet letter again, giving up the well-off life with pearl in other place in the purpose of accompanying her lover forever. To her daughter, Hester showed not only maternal love but her respect. She always dressed the girl in bright colors, as is described in chapter5: “the children’s attire, on the other hand, was distinguished by a fanciful, or, we might rather say, a fantastic ingenuity”. Besides, unlike other mothers in those days who nurtured their children by means of physical compulsion or restraint, Hester just stood aside and permitted pearl to be swayed by her own impulse. To Mr.Chillingworth, she showed her betrayal and resistance. Having married the old physician without love, she had no regret to give up her loyalty to her husband and commit the adultery. Her resistance is clearly illustrated in her conversation with Roger Chillingworth. Faced with his threat, she tried hard to defend for Mr.Dimmesdale and strongly condemned his revenge. “There is no good for him—no good for me—no good for thee! There is no good for little Pearl! There is no path to guide us out of this dismal maze.” She clearly pointed out what would become of if he continued the revenge. To Governor Bellingham, she showed her defiance. When she heard that the governor and some leading inhabitants had designed to deprive her of her child and to make Pearl really capable of moral and religious growth, she came to the magistrate’s house and urged to teach her child herself. “See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so with a millionfold the power of retribution for my sin? Ye shall not take her! I will die first!” Thanks to her firm determination, she got Pearl back at last. To other people in the town, she gave her generosity and kindness. In the Chapter13 the writer writes: “Hester’s nature showed itself warm and rich; a well-spring of human tenderness, unfailing to every real demand, and in exhaustible by the largest.” Because of her helpfulness, many people refused to interpret the scarlet letter A by its original signification and instead, they regarded it as a symbol of ability and angel.

  There was no doubt that Hester had the “evil” side in her nature at least according to the moral standard of that society. She got married precipitately with a man she didn’t love, and then broke the rule by committed adultery with a preacher because she her desire for love. Yet when her sin was disclosed she didn’t make an attempt to deny it or to escape her punishment. Instead, she learned from her sin, and grew stronger by accepting her punishment. With seven years’ loneliness and suffering, her life had turned from passion to thought. She formed an ambiguous idea of feminism gradually and began to think about the defects of the whole system of society, and it was according to her instinctive principles that she decided she, Dimmesdale, and Pearl should flee to Europe.

  In a society cherishing the rigid order of principles in religion, Hester was special not only because she wore the scarlet A but also because she accepted her hidden nature and showed her true self to everyone. By setting her soul free she learned about the essence of society and developed an understanding of a sort of “natural law”. Although it was impossible to realize her dream, she had finally won the respect of people in the town. Her tragedy was caused by society and weakness of her lover, and she had saved herself.

  Compared with Hester Prynne who had courage to admit her sin and bear her suffering, Arthur Dimmesdale seemed much weaker to face his whole nature. The two sides of his nature could not stop conflicting against each other until he was tortured to death.

  Reverend Dimmesdale was perfect and likely to become the most popular pastor in the town in public and in everyone’s heart. Coming from one of the great English universities, he appeared to be talented and knowledgeable with an air of gentility and solemnity. People fancied him the mouth piece of Heaven’s massages of wisdom, and rebuke, and love. Although he was educated to be devoted to his religion and required to behave like God, he was still a man with flesh and blood, and could not resist the temptation of natural human desire. Finally, he violated his belief and the rules of his religion. During those seven years when Hester was suffering the humiliation brought by the scarlet letter, he was still worshiped by others. However, the more respect he received, the more painful he felt, just as Hawthorne wrote: “It is inconceivable, the agony with which this public veneration tortured him!” It was his genuine impulse to adore the truth, and to reckon all things shadow-like, and utterly devoid of weight or value, that didn’t have its divine essence as life within their life, but having committed the adultery he thought he was guilty and sinful. Many times he wanted to speak his sin out, but he dared not because the nearly hysterical fear he felt when he imagined his congregation seeing him on the scaffold was a remainder that he had not only himself but also his flock to consider. His public disgrace could harden his followers, or even lead them to astray. So he strove to put a cheat upon himself, but gained only another sin, and a self-acknowledged shame without the momentary relief of being self-deceived. He loved the truth and loathed the lie, but because of his fear he had to lie. In such a dilemma he could only hate his miserable self and make himself stuck in the anguish of his soul.

  Since Hester was forced to wear the scarlet letter, the same letter had also been graved in his heart. It was sure that Dimmesdale loved Hester, but his education and religion told him that this kind of love was guilty. That’s the reason why he was so afraid to speak out his love and admit what he had done. As love and desire was true nature owned by every one, no matter how hard he tried to restrain he still longed for them. In the daytime he went to the pulpit and delivered God’s message to people who admired him, while at night he wandered on the scaffold or in the dark forest, confessing his love to Hester and his daughter Pearl. Seeing Hester suffer alone for the sin which he committed with her, he felt sorry and tried best to help her, while in the public he had to pretend to be as indifferent as others to the miserable mother and daughter. Struggling between natural human love and his mission as a clergyman, his sense of guilt and pain was increased.

  Suffering from body disease, and gnawed and tortured by some black trouble of the soul, Dimmesdale did make efforts to purify himself or to relief himself. According to what he said to Chillingworth “It’s much better for suffer to be free to show his pain, as this poor woman Hester is, than cover it all up in his heart”, he would like to lead a life like Hester’s. And during seven years’ physical and psychological torture, his acute awareness of the dichotomy between his public image and his private self led him to new levels of insight, enabling his preaching to become even more powerful and persuasive. He understood that the worst consequence of sin is separation from one’s fellow man rather than separation from God. However, though Dimmesdale saw the dangers of formulaic reductions in society and distortions of reality, he does little to overturn them, because he was too weak and coward to rebel his religion and totally be himself as a human being. Finally, he chose death as the ending of the struggle between the two sides of himself, confession what he thought was sinful and resisting to face the consequence.

  The difference between the heroine and hero in this novel was that Hester could literally wear her pain on her chest, while Dimmesdale’s pain remained locked inside his body; Hester felt shame because of the community’s disapproval of her, while Dimmesdale suffered from guilt, which was the product of an internalized self-disapproval and thus was more toxic. Both of them had learnt something from their respective suffering of the adultery, Dimmesdale never fully recognized the truth of what Hester had learned: individuality and strength are gained by quiet self-assertion and by a reconfiguration, not a rejection of one’s assigned identity; Hester erased her guilt by showing her whole self to the world, while Dimmesdale could only die with the scarlet letter in his breast because of his self-denial.

  In that puritan society which emphasized goodness while denied people’s desire as was described in this novel, the tragedy of the love between Hester and Dimmesdale was inevitable. Influenced by religion and education, there must be much more Dimmesdales than Hesters. People who are not able to admit the whole themselves and set their souls free can never get happiness they want. This is the reason why the world in The Scarlet Letter is always dim and gloomy. Through the tragedy and the dark world Hawthorne has indirectly but clearly expressed his heart-felt wishes— to break away from the manacle of religion and chain of rigid principles and set human nature free!

• 祥子吃过的食物，就是老北京劳动人民的一生

  作者：张佳玮 发布时间：2020-08-14 17:54:14

  您只看老舍先生的《骆驼祥子》和《茶馆》，不一定能想得到：这么位老北京范儿的先生，其实是留过洋的。

  有些位先生，可能一辈子都在中国，但举手投足遣词造句，很是西式；老舍先生是正经去过英国的，但地道北京话，一世不忘。

  笔下吃食，也是。

  《骆驼祥子》里，祥子是车夫。要写好一个车夫，写吃尤其精确：民以食为天。体力劳动者奔忙，就是图三餐嚼谷。

  祥子攒了三年的钱，买了第一辆车；过于快乐，遂将买车日定为自己的生日。为了过这个大日子，头一个买卖必须拉个穿得体面的人，然后，应当在最好的饭摊上吃顿饭：比如

  热烧饼夹爆羊肉

  。

  是的，热烧饼夹爆羊肉，这就是祥子所谓“最好的饭摊”了。

  后来祥子被捉了壮丁，逃回来了。找到了个馄饨挑儿，要了碗

  馄饨

  ，呷了口汤，觉得恶心，含了半天，勉强的咽下去；不想再喝。等了会儿，热汤象股线似的通到腹部，打了两个响嗝，活过来了——老北京的馄饨，惯例是喝的，据说大酒缸附近常有，喝汤解酒。

  后来祥子回北平城，一段到桥头吃

  老豆腐

  的描写极精彩：醋，酱油，花椒油，韭菜末，被热的雪白的豆腐一烫，发出点顶香美的味儿，香得使祥子要闭住气；捧着碗，看着深绿的韭菜末儿，他的手不住哆嗦。吃了一口，豆腐把身里烫开一条路；他自己下手又加了两小勺辣椒油。一碗吃完，他的汗已湿透了裤腰。半闭着眼，把碗递出去：“再来一碗。”

  这一碗老豆腐，比起馄饨，显然鲜活得多了。说食材也不算高级，但韭菜末、辣椒油、花椒油，滚烫的豆腐，很平民，很老北京，就能把祥子救活了。

  祥子重新开始拉车，依然拼命。为了形容他俭省自苦，一个细节：说别的车夫跑上一气后，去茶馆喝好茶，加白糖；祥子不肯，即便跑得胸口发辣——这个细节，是体力劳动者特有的。民国时所谓上等人，喝香片茶，务求清澈，哪会加糖；也就是劳动人民，喝茶加糖，有如今日的功能饮料，是为了补体力。

  祥子后来慷慨了一次，是看见饿到晕倒的小马儿他爷爷，祥子买了白菜叶托着的十个

  羊肉馅包子

  。这细节看似不大，但得考虑，祥子是个“热烧饼夹爆羊肉”就算“最好的饭摊上”的了。这一下，是真仗义。

  顺道儿说说羊肉。

  老舍先生另一个小说《离婚》里头，羊肉戏份很多，“他的口腔已被羊肉汤——漂着一层油星和绿香菜叶，好象是一碗想象的，有诗意的，什么动植物合起来的天地精华——给冲得滑腻，言语就象要由滑车往下滚似的。”《四世同堂》里，描述美食，“雪白的葱白正拌炒着肥嫩的羊肉；一碗酒，四两肉，有两三毛钱就可以混个醉饱。”这就是老北京跟羊肉的瓜葛。

  后头祥子被算计了，丢了差事，到老程家借住。老程请他吃早饭，酬劳他打扫院子，

  端两碗甜浆粥，配不知多少马蹄烧饼和小焦油炸鬼

  ——也就是今时今日的油条。这规格挺高：老北京讲究煎饼果子配砂锅粳米粥。甜浆粥是粥里加了豆浆和糖，更高级了一筹。马蹄烧饼很重油酥，比一般一箩到底的粗烧饼精致得多。老程那番话代表了普通车夫——即，没有早期祥子那么上进，但也没后期祥子那么堕落——的姿态：

  “没沏茶，先喝点粥吧，来，吃吧;不够，再去买;没钱，咱赊得出来;干苦活儿，就是别缺着嘴，来!”

  这顿吃过，祥子就进入中期状态了——即，雄心壮志没有了，开始看着日子过了。

  后来祥子半被迫地娶了虎妞，吃上了正经饭：虎妞给他做了

  馏的馒头，熬白菜加肉丸子，一碟虎皮冻，一碟酱萝卜——熬白菜极香美。

  馏馒头自然好过寻常烧饼，软乎；肉丸子味道一定比祥子寻常吃的肉香。虎皮冻和酱萝卜在北京算年菜之一——过年时不动炉灶，也能拿来下酒的妙物，萝卜白菜大概是老北京居家最常见的蔬菜。《四世同堂》里老先生就问过，还有咸菜没，答“干疙疸，老咸萝卜，全还有呢！”——这么顿饭，祥子也承认吃着可口、热火，但是：

  “吃着不香，

  吃不出汗来

  ”。

  这一句描写，精彩极了。大概祥子先前，更喜欢热烧饼爆羊肉、加了大量韭菜花和辣椒油的老豆腐，甚或羊肉包子、烧饼油条。真居家过日子了，吃现成的了，他感觉就不对了。

  跟虎妞在一起过日子，虽然还是住大杂院，但祥子已经跟贫民有了等级差距。最穷苦的贫民吃的是——小说里说了——窝头和白薯粥，粗粮碳水而已。大杂院附近卖的零食，是刮骨肉，冻白菜，生豆汁，驴马肉——刮骨肉是牛羊骨头上剔下来的残碎肉；冻白菜不提；卖生豆汁的摊贩多半是摆不了摊没法架火，也没有担子卖热豆汁的；马肉做不好干硬难嚼。

  而虎妞吃的是羊头肉、熏鱼、硬面饽饽和卤煮炸豆腐这些，明显高了一个等级：然而祥子看不上：

  “他不愿吃那些零七八碎的东西，可惜那些钱。”

  所以他宁可选择在外头

  吃十二两肉饼、喝一碗红豆小米粥

  ——这就是他吃得香，吃得出汗的东西。

  到虎妞死去，祥子堕落了一段，又决定奋起了，还是打吃上面先找态度：

  先喝了两碗刷锅水似的茶；可是他告诉自己，以后就得老喝这个，不能再都把钱花在好茶好饭上。

  接着他就决定，吃点不好往下咽的东西，作为勤苦耐劳的新生活开始：于是他买了十个

  煎包儿

  ，里边全是

  白菜帮子

  ，吞了。再之后，为了庆祝新生活开始，买了个冻结实的柿子吃了——很朴实，但很甜。

  小说最后，祥子堕落了，决定不顾以后，只图现在了。所以决定：穿着破衣，而把

  烙饼卷酱肉

  吃在肚中，这是真的！

  ——到最后，祥子觉得扎实的，也还是烙饼卷酱肉。

  从热烧饼夹爆羊肉开始，到烙饼卷酱肉为终。中间最好的时候，能吃上虎皮冻、熬白菜、肉丸子。

  这份贴近人民生活的真实，是老舍先生笔下极细致，极了不起的所在。