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• 作者：钟钟小林真开心 发布时间：2022-12-31 12:20:39

  微信读书上只更新到这一版，所以就看这一版复习备考了。这几个月断断续续其实也没完整看过一遍。

• 作者：州洲 发布时间：2023-02-13 13:26:56

  1、虽然一时之间不是很懂主编在宝尊堂内的感动，只能从照片中的灯光及各种装饰布局中感受。那我就留个念想，希望有机会去感受。

  2、庄园主和主编认为，在前一个美好的夜晚与好友饮一杯葡萄酒之后会头痛的原因是亚硫酸盐过量~真的吗？问问能品酒的人，看看他们的观点是否一样~

  3、所以花园就是有“栅栏”的吧？无论什么材料~主编说：“珀西勒用得是有柱廊的高墙和大水池，将建筑与外界隔开，为漫步其中的人提供一种平静放松的氛围。” 既然总是要与周边的环境区分开来，同样在里面应该也会有被保护的感觉，在外面时就想窥探~从三方视角来看，这样有新鲜感~~

• 作者：神威 发布时间：2018-04-19 15:30:31

  休憩118th，匈奴一篇来自浙大校友，不算深而系统，关原之战前夕一篇同样。女法老那篇属我十分不熟的一段历史，读来只觉乱的令人发指，维多利亚游戏爱好者可以一读，明朝游兵一篇十分壮烈，这样的文章不仅有历史普及效果，正面意义更浓，值得提倡。

• 作者：iixx 发布时间：2011-07-09 22:46:42

  若不醉，不为美

• 作者：meta 发布时间：2022-04-24 23:06:42

  2020年8月西北大环线前拜读过，人景物令人难忘。

• 作者：长征7号 发布时间：2023-12-20 23:00:33

  高全喜老师独辟蹊径，从18位百科全书式思想家的政治哲学与文明论的内容出发，有选择地讲述了西方近现代以来的政治思想、哲学观念及其对西方文明的影响，如格劳秀斯的国际法权思想为当时及之后的世界各国解决海洋争端提供了依据，黑格尔的国家主权学说从哲学家的宏观视角为人类社会的法权关系梳理出了系统的等级层次尤其是重点梳理了苏格兰启蒙运动时期几位思想家如哈奇森、休谟、亚当·斯密、弗格森关于文明社会与道德哲学的思想体系，与国家主权、海洋法权、财产权、政府论、现代政治的现代性等内容互补，是文明社会的一体两面，体现了高老师对传播现代社会思想观念的深思熟虑与良苦用心。

• 各章介绍(英文版)

  作者：冯佚涵 发布时间：2022-11-10 15:58:24

  

  注意：这是一本研究阅读作用过程的书，不是教你如何阅读。

  Chapter 1. The Oxford Handbook of Reading: Setting the Stage

  This chapter serves as an introduction and outline for the remainder of the handbook. After first considering the importance of writing and reading in society, an overview of the history of reading research is provided. The chapter discusses the impact of the cognitive revolution, which began in

  the 1950s, on both basic reading research and research on the teaching of reading. The conclusion of the chapter summarizes the five sections of the handbook: Introduction, Word Identification, Reading Sentences and Texts, Reading and Spelling Development, and Reading Instruction. Previews are provided of the chapters in each of the sections, and the general themes and issues in the chapter are discussed.

  Chapter 2. Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading

  An understanding of the nature of writing is an important foundation for studies of how people read and how they learn to read. This chapter discusses the characteristics of modern writing systems with a view toward providing that foundation. It considers both the appearance of writing systems and how they function. All writing represents the words of a language according to a set of rules. However, important properties of a language often go unrepresented in writing. Change and variation in the spoken language result in complex links to speech. Redundancies in language and writing mean that readers can often get by without taking in all of the visual information. These redundancies also mean that readers must often supplement the visual information that they do take in with knowledge about the language and about the world.

  Chapter 3. Visual Word Recognition

  Visual word recognition is an integral aspect of reading. Although readers are able to recognize visually presented words with apparent ease, the processes that map orthography onto phonology and semantics are far from straightforward. The present chapter discusses the cognitive processes that skilled readers use in order to recognize and pronounce individual words. After a historical overview of the broad theoretical developments in this rich field, the chapter provides a description of methods and a selective review of the empirical literature, with an emphasis on how the recognition of an isolated word is modulated by its lexical- and semantic-level properties and by its context. The final section of the chapter briefly considers some recent approaches and analytic tools in visual word recognition research, including megastudy, analysis of response time distributions, and the important role of individual differences.

  Chapter 4. The Work of the Eyes During Reading

  This chapter discusses the movements of the eyes during reading: how they support and reveal the reading process. The chapter starts by describing basic facts about eye movements. It then describes some factors that account for variability in eye movement behaviors and then discusses some important methodological paradigms (namely gaze-contingent display change paradigms) that have contributed to our knowledge about eye movements and cognitive processing in reading. In particular, these paradigms have been used to study what types of information readers obtain from a word before they look directly at it. The chapter reviews what has been learned from experiments using these paradigms. It also discusses the issue of eye movement control in reading (i.e., what determines where the eyes move and how long they linger on a particular word) and describes several studies demonstrating that eye movement control in reading is determined directly by ongoing cognitive process.

  Chapter 5. Visual Word Recognition in the Bayesian Reader Framework

  Visual word recognition is traditionally viewed as a process of activating a lexical representation stored in long-term memory. Although this activation framework has been valuable in guiding research on visual word recognition and remains the dominant force, an alternative framework has emerged in the last decade. The Bayesian Reader framework, proposed by Norris (2006, 2009; Norris & Kinoshita, 2012a), regards the decision processes involved in a task as integral to explaining visual word recognition, and its central tenet is that human readers approximate optimal Bayesian decision-makers operating on noisy perceptual input. This chapter focuses on two issues fundamental to visual word recognition— the role of word frequency and the representation of letter order—and describes how the Bayesian Reader framework provides a principled account of the recent findings related to these issues that are challenging to the activation framework.

  Chapter 6. Neighborhood Effects in Visual Word Recognition and Reading

  This chapter discusses research on how words that are orthographically (or phonologically) similar to a printed word influence the speed and accuracy of its encoding. The relevant set of words (the word’s neighbors) was previously defined to be those lexical units differing from the target stimulus by a single letter in a given position. Recent evidence has revealed that a better definition of a word’s neighborhood includes lexical units of different length and lexical units created by transpositions. The study of a word’s neighborhood has revealed that that the activation of neighbors may interfere with the processing of the target words in word-identification tasks and during sentence reading, supporting the basic claims of interactive activation models. Some challenges to the current definitions of the sets of word neighborhoods are also examined, in particular the need to include differences between how consonants and vowels are encoded during word processing.

  Chapter 7. Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Letter-Order Processing: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Considerations

  The processing of letter order has profound implications for understanding how visually presented words are processed and how they are recognized, given the lexical architecture that characterizes a given language. Research conducted in different writing systems suggests that letter-position effects, such as transposed-letter priming, are not universal. The cognitive system may perform very different types of processing on a sequence of letters depending on factors that are unrelated to peripheral orthographic characteristics but related to the deep structural properties of the printed stimuli. Assuming that identical neurobiological constraints govern reading performance in any language, these findings suggest that neurobiological constraints interact with the idiosyncratic statistical properties of a given writing system to determine the preciseness or fuzziness of letter-position coding. This chapter reviews the evidence for this interaction and discusses the implications for theories of reading and for modeling visual word recognition.

  Chapter 8. The Nature of Lexical Representation in Visual Word Recognition

  This chapter explores how information about words is represented for the purposes of recognizing those words when reading. A description is first given of the various architectures that have been proposed to frame our understanding of lexical processing, with an emphasis on the way they portray lexical representation. The importance of morphological structure to the nature of lexical representation is highlighted, and attention is directed to specific models that attempt to capture that structure. The model that forms the major focus of the chapter, the AUSTRAL model, is one where identification of a letter string is based on information associated with an abstract level that mediates between form and function; namely, a lemma level. The incorporation of a lemma level into the lexical processing system provides a locus for morphological structure. It captures a level of lexical representation that not only underlies both visual and spoken word recognition but also is compatible with models of word production.

  Chapter 9. Are Polymorphemic Words Processed Differently From Other Words During Reading?

  Across a variety of languages, many words comprise more than one meaning unit, or morpheme. In the present chapter, reading studies employing readers’ eye movement registration are reviewed that examine how such polymorphemic words are identified. The reviewed studies have examined how compound words, derived words, and inflected words are identified. Studies are also reviewed that have investigated whether the meanings of polymorphemic words are constructed out of the meanings of their components. More generally, it is concluded that polymorphemic words are identified during reading both using whole-word representations available in the mental lexicon (the holistic route) and accessing the word identity via the component meanings (the decomposition route). Moreover, word length plays a significant role in modulating the relative dominance of the two access routes, with the decomposition route being more dominant for long polymorphemic words.

  Chapter 10. Individual Differences Among Skilled Readers: The Role of Lexical Quality

  Theories of visual word recognition and reading have been based on averaged data from relatively small samples of skilled readers, reflecting an implicit assumption that all skilled readers read in the same way. This chapter reviews evidence of systematic individual differences in the early stages of lexical retrieval among samples of above-average readers that challenges this assumption. Individual differences in patterns of masked priming and parafoveal processing during sentence reading provide evidence of variability in the precision and coherence of lexical knowledge that are consistent with Perfetti’s (2007) construct of lexical quality. This evidence is compatible with neuroimaging evidence that literacy drives the development of specialized neural systems for processing written words. Understanding these dimensions of individual differences among expert readers has important implications for future refinements of theories of visual word recognition and reading.

  Chapter 11. What Does Acquired Dyslexia Tell Us About Reading in the Mind and Brain?

  Reading is a fundamental cognitive skill that is often disrupted as a consequence of brain damage. The study of neurological patients with acquired reading disorders has proven pivotal in development of theoretical accounts of normal reading. This work initially involved a focus on cases of dissociation between reading and other cognitive functions using single-case methodology. This evidence was influential in the formation of dual-route models of reading aloud, which employ localist representations. More recent work has used simultaneous consideration of multiple cases to reveal associations between reading and other cognitive functions. This evidence has been captured by connectionist triangle models of reading aloud, which rely on learned distributed representations. Neuroimaging of patients with acquired dyslexia has provided insights into the mechanisms of dysfunction and the neural basis of normal reading. Consideration of neuropsychological patient data has highlighted the role of more basic perceptual and cognitive processes in skilled reading.

  Chapter 12. Literacy and Literacy Development in Bilinguals

  The first part of the chapter reviews the literature on reading in adult bilinguals, and the second part reviews the literature on reading development. The focus of the review is on how knowledge of one language influences reading in the other language. In the literature on adult bilinguals, most research on this issue has been on word recognition, with fewer studies on sentence processing and fewer still on text reading. A model of bilingual word recognition is discussed. In the literature on child bilinguals, the focus has been on predictors of reading development in the second language. Only a few studies have investigated how bilingual children represent and process their two languages. Several theoretical proposals regarding bilingual language development are discussed.

  Chapter 13. The Role of Sound in Silent Reading

  This chapter discusses whether sound is involved in the process of skilled (and apparently silent) reading of words and texts, and, if so, how. The term “phonological coding” encompasses a broad variety of phenomena, including inner speech and subvocalization. In the research on single-word encoding, the focus has largely been on the level of phonemic coding, and the controversies have largely been about whether readers do this encoding with something like a rule-governed process or by learning correlations between visual and auditory patterns. The chapter also reviews the large literature that examines phonological coding in reading sentences and text using eye-movement methodology, including display change techniques. Other aspects of phonological coding discussed include its role to mark stress and its role in short-term memory to facilitate the reading of text. In addition, the chapter attempts to clarify the relationship between phonological coding and subvocalization.

  Chapter 14. Reading Sentences: Syntactic Parsing and Semantic Interpretation

  Understanding what we read requires constructing a representation of each sentence’s syntactic structure and meaning. We are generally not consciously aware of the complex cognitive operations that underlie these processes. However, researchers have been able to learn a great deal about these operations by using methods such as eye tracking during reading and recording of event-related potentials (ERPs). This chapter provides a broad overview of some of the main theoretical issues and empirical conclusions in this area, focusing on the following questions: How rapidly do we perform syntactic and semantic analysis in the course of reading? Do we construct more than one syntactic analysis at a time? Does syntactic analysis always precede semantic interpretation? What role does memory play in sentence processing? Finally, how do these sentence-level processes relate to the process of visual word recognition itself?

• 普通人想成就事业阶级跃升最应该精研的五种书

  作者：奶老三 发布时间：2022-02-26 18:23:48

  之前写了篇恐龙脑的书评，讲到很多人的知识面丰富，文学和艺术修养很高，对世事都有很深刻的洞见。

  但这种人就是赚不到钱，活的非常失败。

  而且自诩为有深度有能力的人，往往还会有一种非常神奇的认知：

  升职加薪赚钱混的好，不是自己能决定的，是拼爹，是社会，是时代决定的。

  总之所有的责任都是外界和他人的，自己一丁点责任都没有，纯粹的怀才不遇，世间大才。

  有个词叫「达克效应」，这类人可以好好百度看一下，体会一下。

  对于那些已经脱离了达克效应，不甘只是空有深度和智慧，也想去实践，去验证，去通过世俗成就来证明自己的智慧有作用的人，这里给出一个小建议：

  不是知识和智慧深度没有用，而是你吸收了错误的知识和智慧。

  关注时政，思考治国，电影和文学，小说和艺术，这些都很好，但是这些和工作赚钱没有直接联系，没有因果关系，不仅没有因果关系，就连相关性都没有。

  想要获得世俗成功，最重要的是找到相关性比较大，最好是有因果关系的书籍和知识。

  因此推荐5种书籍。

  第一种是最简单最浅白的，可以用来消遣的书，和职场和求职直接相关的。

  这种书分为三类：

  一类是讲求职的方法论书籍，

  一类是讲职场工作的方法论书籍，

  一类是讲职场工作的虚构小说。

  方法论找一两本看看就行，小说则是多多益善，你可以体会到很多有趣的东西。

  比如说杜拉拉升职记，小说和电影电视完全两码事，虽然小说的水平也一般般，但对大三的我来说，帮助非常大。

  第二种书就是经济类的书籍，人活着不能浑浑噩噩，得看懂各种经济政策和商业trick

  这种书也还是分为两类，一类是纯学术的教科书籍，比如经济学原理，货币金融学等等，这类书可以起到一个非常好的良好扫盲作用。

  另一类就是实用的畅销书籍，比如魔鬼经济学，薛兆丰经济学讲义之类的，这类书当然没有教科书那么好，且会有一定错误，但非常的有趣容易读，多多益善。

  第三种书就是有关社会类和心理学的书，帮助揣摩人心。

  这种书一样分为两类，一类是教科书，比如社会心理学，心理学与生活，向伪心理学说不，态度改变与社会影响，大多都比较枯燥，尤其是心理学与生活。

  另一类就有趣很多，都是畅销书，比如影响力，怪诞行为学等等。

  第四种书，就是这种讲所谓权谋的书。

  权谋类的书主要分为四类，一种是西方以君主论为代表的，衍生出来的集中性讨论权力和上升路径的书籍，比如权力48法则战争33谋略以及当代马基雅维利主义者等等。

  一种是中国古代法家学说，韩非子商君书等等，

  第三类则是当代人从受害者角度写的书，比如煤气灯效应gift of fear等等，里面详细讲了他人来操作迫害你的手段方法。

  最后一类则是15年以后出版社出的各种什么天下无谋系列，罗织经之类的，也都是号称是中国古代智慧，但其实都是现代人攥出来的伪书，但这个伪书的水平着实不低，很值得一看。

  第五种书，你的本质工作相关的书，销售就多看销售的书，市场就多看营销类的书，法律就多看法律类的书，不赘述。

  这5种书籍可以保证了两点：

  1，双视角认知社会，一个视角是经济领域，看懂经济政策，一个视角是博弈角度，看清人际关系的本质，

  2，找到可行方法，加以运用实践。

  注意，不是阅读，而是精研，认真反复研究。

  一边工作一边研究，你的成就一定不会低。